Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution
"Kalinin kindergarten"
Information and educational
creative project for children 4-5 years old
as part of the thematic week “Stones”
(from 07/11/2016 - 07/18/2016)
Pustobaeva Nadezhda Aleksandrovna
Project type: informative.
Project attribute: ecological.
By the nature of contacts: children, teachers, parents.
By number of participants: group.
By duration: short-term (week).
6. Subject of study: objects of inanimate nature - stones.
Main directions of the project:
Cognitive and research.
Speech development.
Artistic and aesthetic.
Goals and objectives:
1. Introduce children to the properties of different stones.
2. Learn to identify the characteristics of stones, classify them on different grounds, learn to select precise definitions to characterize their features.
3. Learn about the diverse uses of stones by humans.
4. Introduce children to stones of natural and artificial origin.
5. Get acquainted with a new - modular - type of fine art.
6. Learn to create artistic images based on natural forms (pebbles).
7. Learn to construct buildings using basic drawings from stones.
8. Expand children’s understanding of Ural gems, nature and people of this region.
Methods used in the implementation of the project:
Research: observations in nature;
Visual: illustrations, photos, natural objects;
Listening to music;
Presentations, watching cartoons, reading fiction;
Directly organized activities (integration educational areas)
Forms of organization for project implementation:
gaming activities: didactic, outdoor games;
artistic and creative activities of children and parents, pupils (plasticineography, paper plastic, creative competitions.);
work activity(collecting stones on the site kindergarten);
GCD.
Project resource support:
Methodological tools.
Visual material:
a) real and artificial stones, in illustrations;
b) board-printed games on ecology;
c) didactic games on ecology;
Project implementation plan:
STAGE 1 – preparatory
Activities of a teacher. Children's activities. Interaction with family.
1. Selection of literature about stones: poems, riddles, proverbs, signs.
2. Determining the level of children’s knowledge about the variety of stones.
3. Creation of a subject-specific development environment on the project topic:
Invite parents to bring a stone craft for the mini-museum and brief information about the stone from which the craft is made.
Consultation for parents “Ural gemstones”, “Techniques for painting stones”.Appendix 1, 4.
Presentation “Visiting Emerald”.
STAGE 2 – project implementation
Day of the weekForms of work
Target
Monday
View and discuss the presentation "Visiting Emerald." The planet we live on has rock clothing. Where clothing is visible, there are many stones on the surface, and stone mountains rise. Therefore, stones can be found everywhere.
To form the cognitive activity of children when studying the properties of stone. Induce a feeling of joy from bright beautiful drawings on the stone.
Artistic creativity “Berry” painting on stone
To introduce children to decorative design techniques and arouse interest in drawing in the style of mosaics. Learn to compose a multi-color harmonious composition based on a contour drawing. Improve visual techniques. Cultivate aesthetic taste.
Experience No. 1. The most beautiful and the ugliest.Experience No. 2. Color.
Experience No. 3. The biggest and the smallest.
Introduce children to the variety of stones and how people use them, as well as the properties of different objects and materials.
Music.
Listening to music: S. Prokofiev “Dance of Russian Gems” from the ballet “The Tale of the Stone Flower”. Introduce children to the work of the Russian composer. Expand your horizons.
Tuesday
Conversation " World of stones."
Introduce the concepts of “collection”, “collector”, show the variety of stones in shape, color, size, texture; create conditions for emotional and aesthetic perception; be amazed by the amazing natural creations
Didactic game: « Describe the stone."
Teach children to classify stones according to their characteristics.
Experiment No. 4. The roughest and smoothest.Experience No. 5. The hardest or softest.Experience No. 6. The heaviest and lightest.Experience No. 7 . Color.
Experience No. 8. Sound.
Continue to introduce children to the variety of stones and how people use them, as well as the properties of different objects and materials.
GCD "Ural stones"
Wednesday
Artistic creativity (modeling + drawing) "Edible mushroom - inedible."
Develop and maintain interest in visual tasks. Promote the development of creativity in the process of completing a creative task using a variety of techniques and materials.
Subject: " These amazing stones."
Promote the development of dialogical speech, speech activity, enrichment of vocabulary,
Experience No. 9 stone and nail
Experiment No. 10,11, 12, 13 properties of stones
Continue to introduce children to the variety of stones and their properties and purposes.
Reading and discussing a fairy tale P.P. Bazhov "Stone Flower".
Introduce children to the creativity of the Russian people. Learn to convey the content of a prose text in speech emotionally and expressively. Expand children's understanding of the variety of works that glorify the beauty of stone and people's respect for this natural phenomenon.
Develop skills and abilities to work with various stones as decorative materials,
Thursday
Constructive creativity Topic: “What to build a house from?”
Develop an interest in the study of stones and the ability to study them. Activate speech and enrich children's vocabulary with words denoting the properties of objects: stone: hard, strong, heavy, does not absorb water;
Experiment No. 13, 14, 15, 16 properties of stones
Continue to introduce children to the variety of stones, their properties, and develop classification skills.
Reading and discussing a fairy tale P.P. Bazhov "Stone Flower".
Continue to get acquainted with the work of P.P. Bazhov, his literary heroes.
Artistic and creative activity. Laying out contour drawings with pebbles.
Develop skills and abilities to work with various stones as decorative materials, develop imagination and creative approach to perform the work.
Didactic games with stones: “What’s extra?”, “Find a pair”, “Continue the row”, board and printed games “Living, inanimate nature”.
Development of sensory abilities, fine motor skills.
Ind. Job "Collect the pebbles"
Prevention of flat feet (at the request of children).
Creation of a mini-museum “Miracle of the Ural Land”.
STAGE 3 – final.
Exhibition of creative works “Mushrooms in the clearing”.
Collective composition, photo exhibition about children's creativity “Berry treat” (co-creation of parents and children).
Exhibition “The Magical Transformation of Pebbles”
Organization of a mini-museum “Miracle of the Ural Land”.
Project results:
1. Children understand the need for a careful and caring attitude towards nature, based on its moral, aesthetic and practical significance for humans.
2. Mastered the norms of behavior in the natural environment and compliance with them in practical activities and in everyday life.
3. Show a positive attitude towards natural objects.
4. 65% of parents showed Active participation in the implementation of the project, realized the importance of this project For comprehensive development children.
URAL STONES-GEMS.In the Urals, rich in semi-precious stones, decorative and applied arts have developed since ancient times - artistic treatment stone
In the remote villages of the Urals, artisanal miners worked who found and extracted stone from the ground, and then processed it at home. This craft flourished in particular at the beginning of the 15th century, when the first stone processing factories appeared in the Urals.
The enterprises processed malachite, orlets, jasper, marble, rock crystal, lapis lazuli, serpentine and other stones.
The unique beauty of Ural stone, the rich variety and durability of the stone have made it indispensable for the crafts of making luxury goods and jewelry.
Malachite is one of the most beautiful minerals. The stone is bright, richly colored in various shades of delicate greenery. It is distinguished by a special, unique and infinitely varied, but only characteristic pattern. Light polishing of a small section of the stone is enough to highlight natural beauty stone
Rhodonite is a dawn-colored stone. In stone cutting, rhodonite rock is used - “eagle”. There are unusually beautiful specimens. Rhodonite - brings harmony to family relationships. It has the ability to ignite and support a person’s love for life. The stone helps to develop hidden abilities and talents.
Jasper is the most common semi-precious stone. The colors of the stone are varied not only in the main color, but also in various combinations of shades. Various impurities form an endless variety of intricate patterns on jasper. There are even jaspers with landscape designs. Jasper has special mysterious properties and was considered a reliable amulet.
Marble is a stone of restrained colors, but of various shades and color combinations. The stone is soft and is found everywhere in the Urals.
Rock crystal is an unusual transparent crystalline stone. Dazzling snow-white crystals fascinate with the brilliance of geometrically precise edges. Rock crystal crystals attract love, joy, luck and prosperity.
Lapis lazuli is a surprisingly bright stone the color of a blue starry sky with sparkling inclusions. This stone was called the "stone of heaven", and it was one of the most expensive stones. In ancient times, people saw in it a reflection of the highest heavenly powers.
Serpentine is a green rock with a characteristic pattern, reminiscent of snake tracks. Very strong energy drink, giving a feeling of protection, peace of mind and peace.
Dark Amethyst
Smoky Quartz
Ural emerald
Nephritis
Charoite
Turquoise
Opal
All these stones were mined by ordinary people, peasants, and cut on primitive machines; some of them were taken to Yekaterinburg, where there were cutting workshops.
Products made from these stones are the calling card of the Urals.
They were almost untouched by time, fashion, or artistic style. These are boxes, key rings, paperweights, signets, cutting knives, pens, oval brooches, beads and similar little things. Vases, bowls, ashtrays and other products.
Appendix 2
Introducing preschoolers to folk crafts.
Summary of the lesson-conversation “Ural stones”
Preliminary work. Reading tales by P. P. Bazhov. Watching animated films based on the works of P. P. Bazhov. Learning proverbs and sayings about the Motherland. Organization of an exhibition of products and jewelry made from Ural gems.
Target. Raising cognitive activity in children, expanding their understanding of the world around them, in particular with the folk crafts of the masters of the Urals.
Tasks:
1. Introduce children to the collection of stones and products made from Ural stone
2. Expand children’s knowledge about the diversity and beauty of Ural stones
3. Develop children's cognitive activity
4. Activate the child’s speech,
5. Develop children's creativity
Equipment:
Collection of stones
Box of sensations
Exhibition of stone products
Magnifiers
Plasticine
Planks
Plates
Multi-colored pebbles
Cardboard base with plasticine
Contents of organized children's activities
1. Introductory words from the teacher.
What is Russia for us? (Children's answers.)
Homeland
But among the vastness of our country there is a wonderful land.
Find out what they call it by listening to the poem:
“They say about it (the Urals) that it is rich in stones,
And it is also famous for its craftsmen.
Who has been to the region
AND I read Bazhov,
He will certainly stay with us.”
(L.P. Vladimirov).
That's right, well done! The Urals is our region, the region where we live, our Motherland.
The Urals have long been famous for their semi-precious stones.
I want to show you a collection of stones.
Admire the wealth of the Ural Mountains. Look how colorful they are
What names do these stones have? (Children's answers).
Educator: The unique beauty of gems inspired the Ural writer Pavel Bazhov to tell in the fairy tale “Mistress of the Copper Mountain” the treasures stored in the caches of the Urals.
What stone? Hard or soft, heavy or light, cold or warm, what is its surface?
Look at the stones, touch them, stroke them.
Examine the stones with a magnifying glass, tell us what you see (cracks, patterns, crystals)
And in terms of hardness, what are they? (solid)
And you know that not all stones are equally hard...
How can you determine the softness of a stone? (knock, squeeze, scratch)
So: having studied the stone, what did you learn about it? (it is light, shiny, hard).
Rhodonite - “eagle stone” in Rus' it was believed that if you put a piece of rhodonite in the cradle of a child, he will grow up healthy, strong, brave, vigilant like an eagle.
Jasper is “variegated”, this stone comes in different colors, green, white, brown. In the Urals, jasper stone has always been considered a symbol of true friendship.
Malachite is called the Russian stone.
Serpentine - why do you think it was called that? (its color looks like a snake)
Selenite is a stone mined only in Kungur.
All stones are different; they differ in color, shape, size and even hardness. This is the beauty that the nature of our region has created.
Why did we look at and study the stones? (to become stone masons)
How did stone craftsmen use the beauty and characteristics of stone in their works?
What can be made from stone?
Some craftsmen made various figures from stone; what stone did they use for this? (soft selenite)
Others used the beauty of the stone in jewelry (beads)
People who are true masters of stone crafts have learned to see the features of stone, its beauty and have managed to find the stone its purpose.
Let's try to be masters of stone crafts? Guys, do you want to become Ural craftsmen? (Children's statements.)
Educator: I suggest you take the path to the workshop along a winding mountain path.
Physical education minute: Children line up one after another and perform actions in accordance with the text.
We walk along the path, lifting our feet higher,
We are not afraid of obstacles.
Everyone is happy to meet someone new.
Step wider, walk bolder,
Turn right, turn left,
Gemstones
Admire it, lean in.
A mountain is visible ahead
It's time for us to hurry there
Things are waiting for us in the workshop
We are master guys.
Children approach the artistic and creative activity area. And now, guys, I invite you to the workshop, where you can show your skills and add your own jewelry to the collection. Children make decorations from plasticine and then examine finished works and put on display.
Educator: Did you guys like our conversation? What did you enjoy doing most?
Educator: The future of our country largely depends on you guys, on how much you love your Motherland, your native land, what good you can do for it when you become adults. This concludes our conversation. Thanks for the work.
Appendix 3
Lesson notes
in artistic and aesthetic education
"Ural Gems"
Program content:
Introduce children to the beauty and diversity of Ural stones.
Expand your understanding of the underground riches of the Urals.
Instill love for the native land, cultivate a sense of patriotism.
Develop children's creative abilities.
Equipment: Exhibition of stones, minerals and crafts made from Ural gems; magnifying glasses, plasticine, boards; wall physical map of Russia.
Preliminary work:
Prepare (with the help of parents) an exhibition of stones and crafts made from Ural gems;
Reading tales by P.P. Bazhov’s “Silver Hoof” and “Mistress of the Copper Mountain”;
Progress of the lesson:
Guys, what country do we live in? (Showing Russia on the map)
What is the name of the place in Russia where we live? (Ural - showing the Ural Mountains on the physical map of Russia)
We live in a beautiful region, not far from the Ural Mountains. These places have long been famous for their beauty and untold underground riches.
Listen to the poem:
Ural Mountains
On stone slabs,
They lead us
To the land of malachite.
To a land where you can't count
Precious stones,
To the country of hard workers
And kind people.
What works of P.P. Bazhov have we read? (fairy tales “Mistress of the Copper Mountain” and “Silver Hoof”)
What are these tales about? (about the riches of the bowels of the Urals, about semi-precious stones, about kind and hard-working people who used to live in the Urals)
What is skaz? This is a fairytale? (Pavel Petrovich Bazhov communicated a lot with workers who mined underground wealth, and transformed the legends that they told him into tales in which there is both truth and fiction)
Guess the riddles based on Bazhov's tales.
What was the name of the goat from the story? (Silver hoof)
What did the lizard turn into? (to the Mistress of the Copper Mountain)
What was the name of the cat in the fairy tale “The Silver Hoof”? (Murenka)
What was the name of the girl in the fairy tale “The Silver Hoof”? (Darenka)
What did the Mistress of the Copper Mountain give Stepan? (malachite box)
Right! Well done!
Now let's come to our exhibition and look at the collection of stones and crafts made from them.
Coal and iron ore, copper and nickel, chromium and asbestos, gold and the famous Ural gems are mined in the Urals. (show)
Diamonds are mined in the Urals; this transparent stone is very valuable. It is very hard, almost eternal. It is so hard that it can (if sharpened) easily cut glass. Very expensive diamond jewelry is made from diamonds.
The green stone is emerald. Not long ago, the largest emerald weighing 6 kg 650 grams was found in the Urals.
Selenite is mined not far from our city, in Kungur. Look how warm and beautiful stone. Various crafts are made from it.
And this is a coil. Why do you think it is called that? (looks like a snake, shimmers)
Let us make a lizard - the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. (children sculpt according to the diagram)
Who visited us
Who has seen our land
Won't forget, won't forget
Our rich Ural.
Appendix 4
Stone painting techniques
One of the simplest painting techniques isstencil
This technique is used to create repeating patterns and is widely used for painting various ornaments and borders.
If the image consists of several colors, use the number of stencils corresponding to the colors. The paint can be applied either with a brush and swab or with an airbrush.
Airbrush is a tool for precise dosing of paint sprayed under air pressure.
One of the advantages of airbrushing is very smooth transitions from one color to another (stretch marks), and a perfectly even coating of paint on any surface, even a complexly curved one. These advantages, as well as the ability to obtain lines of varying thickness and degree of blur, have made the airbrush technique one of the leading modern technologies in artistic painting.
Traditional techniques include"sgraffito" (Italian sgraffito or graffito, literally “scratched”). The sgraffito technology consists of sequentially applying thin, colored various colors layers of plaster and further scratching of the pattern. The image made using the sgraffito technique is clear, without halftones, but has a pronounced relief.
3.1. Tips for painting on stones:
By painting stones and adding details to them with paint, you can create amazing things.
Not all stones are suitable for painting. Take the stone in your hands and see what it looks like. Some stones are too rough and difficult to paint, and some absorb paint like a sponge. For work, choose stones that are smooth. It is easiest for paint to apply to such stones.
Before you start painting, you need to prepare the stones. Rinse them thoroughly with water and let dry. Prepare a palette on which you will mix colors. Never let acrylic paint dry on your brush. This makes them hard and impossible to work with. Therefore, if you write acrylic paint, always leave the brush in water.
While working, wear old clothes or special aprons for creativity. If acrylic paint gets on your clothing, try scrubbing it off with an old toothbrush and soap before the paint has time to dry. Acrylic paint that has dried on clothing cannot be removed.
Workplace cover with newspaper. It will protect the table from accidental paint and absorb a large number of moisture if you accidentally knock over a glass of water. It is better for children to use a sippy cup.
If you make a mistake while working, simply wipe off the paint before it dries or let it dry and then paint over it.
Materials for work:
Various types of paints: acrylic, gouache, watercolor. It is better to use acrylic paints; they create a glossy surface and do not require varnish. After drying, they are not washed off with water.
Acrylic paints for stone - they can be purchased at any art store, the main thing is to make right choice(they are for various surfaces– fabric, paper, wood, plastic, etc., glossy or matte, regular and aerosol). Such paints are more expensive than all others, but they have many advantages, such as brightness and purity of colors, ease of dissolution and mixing, and the ability to cover the color of the base when applying the next layer of paint. Acrylic paints for stone dry quickly, forming an indelible elastic film.
Various gels and felt-tip pens for decoration, to create special effects.
Brushes various sizes. For a beginning artist, a set of pony or squirrel hair brushes will be enough. For acrylic paint, choose bristle brushes.
Synthetic brushes of different widths - natural ones are not recommended for use when working with acrylic paints, since acrylic has a detrimental effect on them. For small parts Toothpicks may also come in handy.
Varnish for coating crafts. Transparent varnish for final processing of products.
Pencils for sketching. For light stones - a black pencil, for dark ones - white.
Suitable stones– light, smooth, flat, preferably round or oval. A more intricate shape can also be used to advantage by coming up with an appropriate image for the boulder. It’s good if you manage to select stones with a flat base that maintain a stable position not only on the grass, but also on smooth surfaces (for example, tiles). Porous stones may also come in handy - you can use them to make, for example, Dutch cheese.
Solvent for acrylic paints (rinse brushes after work, remove stains on hands, etc.)
Palette for mixing paints (if you first cover it with foil, then after the end of the session you will not need to use a solvent). If you don’t have a palette, take any surface that does not absorb moisture (plastic, polyethylene).
Damp cotton cloth or paper napkins(without dust) to blot the brush with paint - this way you can avoid blots on the stones. Suitable for this old t-shirt or a towel.
Polyethylene or newspapers to cover the work area.
Work clothes are those that you won't be sorry to say goodbye to, because acrylic paints are very difficult to wash. A disposable cellophane raincoat is ideal.
Stages of artistic painting on stone :
Step one: getting ready
Wash the stones with soap and dry (you can use a hairdryer). Dress in work clothes and lay polyethylene on the work surface.
Step two: prime
Treat the dried stones with a deep penetration primer, which is probably left in any house after renovation, and dry again.
Step three: draw the background
To avoid separately extracting liquid and exfoliated colored “flakes” from the tube instead of paint, be sure to shake the paint thoroughly before use by tapping the bubble on your palm. If you have not yet decided on a “character” for the stone, it’s time to do this, because it’s time to apply a basic background (for example, red for strawberries, blue for fish, green for a frog, and so on; for multi-color compositions, the base one will be the one that will be in the future will take up more space on the figure). This is why we divorce suitable color water in a 1:1 ratio (it is better to use the cheapest brushes for diluting paints), if necessary, mix the paints to obtain the desired shade. If you still have not been able to find light stones for painting, you should first cover them with a layer light paint and dry - this way the colors applied in the future will be brighter and more natural. After applying the main background, you should dry it for 10-15 minutes, which can be spent working on the next copy, if there is one.
Step four: painting with acrylic paint
Make a sketch for painting with acrylic paint on paper, and then with a thin, soft “simple” pencil on a stone blank. Think through the details. After this, you can safely begin painting in layers, each of which needs to dry for about a quarter of an hour. Finally, draw the outlines with the thinnest brush (the thinner the paint, the better). The resulting garden “sculptures” can be decorated to your taste with any available materials - sparkles, sequins, beads, which do not require glue to secure (an additional drop of paint will hold them in place).
Step five: dry the stones and dry yourself
We place the products under a warm radiator, our hands under the tap, and our brushes in the solvent to remove the remaining clogged paints from the bundle and from under the clip.
Step Six: Protective
We cover the dried masterpieces with a transparent varnish, which will add depth to the colors and protect the paint from damage and fading in the sun. Now you can safely carry the revived and “playing” stones into the garden, admire them yourself and surprise your relatives and friends, as well as take your neighbors on excursions. If you wish, you can place your creations in your home - they will perfectly decorate almost any interior.
Conclusion
A tastefully decorated plot is an island of nature near the house, increasing the value and livability of the home. Decorating my site with artistically painted stones will allow me to emphasize all the advantages of our site and hide its shortcomings, and maybe turn them into advantages. The design of a site, made in accordance with taste and lifestyle, can always indicate the individuality of its owner.
All this as a whole can create a unique live composition, combining the beauty of nature and the creativity of design art.
Painting on stone is unique technique, since it is very simple, understandable and accessible.
The created stones will be a wonderful gift or decoration for your home interior, garden plot and will delight your loved ones for many years.
Appendix 5
Photo report on the project “Amazing Stones”
Contest« Project activities of junior schoolchildren»
Introduction
I chose this topic because I have been collecting stones for 3 years; I am very interested in discovering the properties of stones and minerals. Traveling into the world of stone is a very exciting experience. When I look at the stones, it’s as if I’m traveling into the distant past of our planet and the area where I live.
There are countless different stones on Earth: beautiful and not so beautiful, of different colors and shapes. Beauty! I admire the stones and think: after all, each of them contains some kind of secret and a hundred mysteries. And not all of them have probably been revealed and solved. And how much these stones have seen in their lifetime!
So I wanted to know what secrets they conceal. How many are there, how do they differ from each other, are there edible stones, the history of their appearance on Earth, and what benefits do stones bring to people?
Purpose of the study- study of the diversity of the world of stones and minerals in the Perm region.
Research objectives:
1. Identify the features of the appearance, properties and diversity of stones and minerals.
2. Systematize information about stones and minerals obtained from libraries, museums and other sources.
3. Collect a collection of minerals.
Object of study- are stones and minerals.
Subject- properties of stones and minerals.
Hypotheses: Assumption 1: Let us assume that the shape of the crystal directly depends on the internal structure. Assumption 2: If crystals exist in nature, then there is a mention of them in the literature.
In my work, the following research methods were used: studying literature and Internet information, observation, watching documentaries.
Chapter 1. What is a stone?
Where does the history of the stone begin? Academician A.E. Fersman said that the history of stone begins with the most distant eras of human existence. Didn’t stone exist on Earth before the advent of man? Existed. And geology confirms this. The stone is as old as our Earth. It is an integral part of the Earth and especially its upper part - the earth's crust. Stone is inseparable from the Earth and participates in its geological history.
The stone is natural material and rock used in many industries, including construction. The most common types of minerals and rocks in the form of building and finishing stones:
- Granite - a natural stone of igneous origin, which consists of quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and mica. Color range: gray, red, burgundy-red, red-pink, pink, brown-red, gray-green, black-green with large light splashes. One of the densest, hardest and most durable rocks. Used in construction as a facing material.
- Limestone - a natural stone of sedimentary origin, white, consisting of calcium carbonate (calcite).
- Marble is the most popular and elite stone among natural stones.
- Quartzite-sandstone - a natural stone, a monolith of sedimentary origin, the rock-forming mineral of which is quartz. Color range: yellow, beige, gray natural shades with a pronounced pattern.
- Sandstone - a natural stone of sedimentary origin, consisting mainly of quartz particles. Color range: yellow, yellow-brown, gray, gray-green natural shades.
- Quartzite - a natural stone that belongs to metamorphic rocks consisting mainly of quartz and mica. Color range: gray-green and yellow-brown natural shades, with silver inclusions of mica.
- Slate - a generalized name for various rocks with parallel layering and the ability to split into separate plates; natural stone of dark green, gray, brown, yellow, red and other shades.
- Porphyry - a natural stone that belongs to a fine-crystalline igneous rock with large inclusions of quartz crystals. Color range: dark red, brown natural shades, with black splashes.
- Dolomite - a natural stone of sedimentary origin, consisting entirely of the mineral dolomite. Color range: pink, yellow natural shades.
- Onyx is a decorative and ornamental stone. This stone has an unusual color, beautiful and thin stripes give it an unusual beauty.
Natural stone is one of the oldest materials used by people to build houses, bridges or cladding facades. Thanks to its beauty, strength and durability, natural stone can decorate palaces, temples, estates or ordinary houses.
In modern construction, most often natural stones used for external and internal cladding of buildings. For interior cladding, special marble or granite wallpaper is used.
The combination of mosaic designs and patterned structures gives beauty and richness to the appearance. Natural stone is wear-resistant, frost-resistant and almost does not absorb moisture.
Conclusion. I found out that stone is a natural material and rock. The most common types of minerals and rocks in the form of building and finishing stones.
Natural stone is wear-resistant, frost-resistant and almost does not absorb moisture. Stone is used in many industries, including construction.
Chapter 2. History of minerals
Minerals appeared at a very early stage in the development of the Earth as a planet. They are the very first witnesses of the geological history of the Earth.
The modern definition is as follows: a mineral is a solid body of natural inorganic origin that has a crystalline structure and composition that can be expressed by a chemical formula. That is, minerals are crystals (or crystals), they can be touched, measured, weighed, or at least seen, even through a magnifying glass or microscope. The very concept of “mineral” arose relatively recently.
Of course it was completely unfamiliar to primitive man. He knew nothing about chemical compositions and crystal structures. All around he saw just stones, and it was enough for him to know those properties that were important in the manufacture of primitive tools and structures. But the findings of archaeologists point to the curious fact that individual minerals (as we would call them today) were interesting to ancient man regardless of their practical use.
Why, for example, did he need a cube of galena, tens of thousands of years later, in 1986, found by American archaeologists during excavations of Paleolithic mounds in the Mississippi Valley? After all, galena, as you know, does not lie under your feet anywhere. An ancient man could have picked it up no closer than a hundred kilometers from the excavation site, where the ore deposit of the Viburnum-Trend strip reaches the surface of the earth. There are no witnesses to this event, and we can only assume that a person was interested in the galena crystal unusual appearance- shine, heaviness.
Until the beginning of the 16th century, the difference between minerals as such and rocks, fossils, ores, and artificial products was still unknown.
The term “mineral” itself, as far as is known, was first used by a learned monk in the 13th century. Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great). In medieval Latin it meant “that which comes from a mine,” “fossil.” The allusion to a practical attitude towards minerals was a reflection of a more mature stage of the division of labor and, accordingly, the differentiation of knowledge: artificial bodies were excluded from the concept of a mineral. But minerals still included any fossils: rock fragments, fossilized remains of animals and plants, as well as water, oil, coal. The need to separate concepts has not yet matured.
During the Renaissance, the rise of industrial production and trade increased the demand for metals, especially non-ferrous and precious metals. Demand caused intensive development of ore deposits, the development of mining and metallurgy. New questions have arisen for science, primarily regarding ore minerals and their companions in ore veins and deposits. This was the beginning of mineralogy as a science.
40-60 new minerals are discovered every year. Nowadays, these are usually some kind of plaque or individual grains, because the minerals that form large crystals and large accumulations have already been noticed and discovered in the past.
With the development of human society and the exploration of nature, more and more new beneficial features stone, its use expanded, and its history became more complicated. Therefore, modern life is unthinkable without stone.
Conclusion. Minerals appeared at a very early stage in the development of the Earth as a planet. The term “mineral” was first used by a learned monk in the 13th century. Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great). In medieval Latin it meant “that which comes from a mine,” “fossil.” 40-60 new minerals are discovered every year. Modern life is unthinkable without stone.
Chapter 3. Useful stones
Halite- a natural mineral of the halogen class, subclass sodium chloride. For an ordinary person it is stone salt, which he eats every day. The history of the mineral goes back to the era of the origin of life on the planet, when the water in the world's oceans was already salty. That is why the Ancient Greeks called it “halite”, which means “sea”, “salt”.
The chemical formula of halite is NaCl, contains 60.6% chlorine and 39.4% sodium. A pure mineral is transparent, opaque or translucent, colorless or white with a glassy sheen. Depending on additional impurities, it may have shades: with iron oxide - yellow and red tones, organic inclusions - colors from brown to black, clay impurities - gray shades. An interesting blue and lilac color is given to halite by an admixture of sylvite (potassium chloride).
Large deposits of halite were formed hundreds of millions of years ago in North America and Eurasia during the Permian period, when these areas were characterized by a hot and dry climate.
In modern times rock salt It is mined in large quantities in Russia - in the Solikamsk and Sol-Iletsk deposits of the Urals, the Usolye-Siberian basin, located in the vicinity of Irkutsk, the Iletsk districts of the Orenburg region, the Solvychegodsk deposit of the Arkhangelsk region, as well as the Verkhnekamsk region, located in the vicinity of Perm. Self-sedimented halite is developed in the Lower Volga region and coastal areas of Lake Baskunchak in the Astrakhan region.
Coal. Coal is a sedimentary rock that is formed as a result of the decomposition of vegetation remains (ferns, horsetails, seed plants). The main types of coal according to classification are: anthracite coal, brown coal, hard coal. Coal mining is carried out by open (quarry) and closed (mine) methods. Coal is used for heating, energy, agricultural (in the form of fertilizers) and other industries. Coal was the first fossil fuel used by humans. It enabled the industrial revolution, which in turn contributed to the development of the coal industry, providing it with more modern technology.
Granite. Granite is a common crystalline rock, deposits of which are located throughout the planet. Translated from Latin, “granite” means “grain,” which characterizes the structure of the stone. This is frozen intrusive magma, which did not have time to rise to the earth's surface, and formed coarse granite crystals.
The main share of the mineral composition of granite in the amount of 60-65% is occupied by feldspars. 25-30% of inclusions are quartz, and a small percentage is allocated to dark-colored minerals - hornblende and biorite.
Granite has high levels of hardness, strength and density. The stone is 2 times stronger than marble, and its density reaches 2600 kg/m³. It is resistant to low temperatures, moisture and dirt. The stone is subject to melting at temperatures from +700°C.
In terms of chemical composition, granite is an acidic rock, the acidity composition of which can be determined by the amount of silicon dioxide. The higher the percentage of silicon dioxide in granite, the lighter the color of the mineral. Granite deposits have a global scale and are located throughout the planet. More than 50 granite deposits different types is located in Russia. The Khabarovsk Territory and Transbaikalia, Voronezh, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, the Karelian Isthmus and the Urals are rich in mineral deposits.
Chalk. Who among us doesn't know chalk? Whose pockets and fingers have not been soiled by a piece of light stone the color of snow? Who doesn’t know the happiness of artistic creativity of the “Cretaceous” period? Who, as a teenager, did not explore the properties of chalk in “bubbling” experiments or examine a chalk smear under a microscope?
Mineral chalk is a witness to eras that passed tens of millions of years ago. Awareness of this fact changes the perception of familiar material. Having a biological origin, the chalk stone acquired its properties from organisms that lived in time immemorial.
The Cretaceous period is a period of time covering about 80 million years during the reign of dinosaurs. The warm and shallow (30-500 meters deep) seas of that time gave shelter to myriads of tiny mollusks that built their skeletons and shells from calcium extracted from the water.
The remains of these creatures, accumulated in multi-meter layers in bottom sediments, turned into chalk, which is familiar to us. In percentage terms, the chalk mineral is divided into the following parts:
fragments of skeletons - about 10%. We are talking not only about the simplest creatures, but also about multicellular animals endowed with the ability to extract and concentrate calcium salts in tissues.
Conclusion. I learned that there are useful stones such as: halite - a natural mineral; rock table salt, which he uses daily for food; coal was the first type of fossil fuel used by humans; granite has high levels of hardness, strength and density; well known to us, chalk.
Chapter 4. Gems
Gemstones personify the beauty that nature presents to us. Day after day, year after year, it grows in its depths a fabulous splendor that appears before us in the form of wondrous lines and bizarre colors and shades of semi-precious stones.
Nature has a huge number of colored, semi-precious and precious stones, approximately 160 species, but only about thirty species are especially valuable among them - diamond and sapphire, ruby and emerald, tourmaline, topaz, alexandrite, opal, amethyst, turquoise, pearl - these stones are especially appreciated.
The first mentions of gems were found on clay tablets of Babylon, which were created about six thousand years ago, and spoke of sacred amulets-talismans made of carnelian, jade and lapis lazuli. In Ancient Egypt, the love for precious stones was simply enormous - they were used to decorate clothes, buildings, furniture and even kitchen utensils. The Egyptians knew almost all precious stones.
During the Middle Ages, many scientists became interested in studying the magical properties of stones; minerals and their healing and magical properties were described.
But it was not the magical properties that attracted people much more, but the beauty of the stones - rings, earrings, necklaces made by jewelers adorned kings, kings, and there are legends about the jewelry of caliphs and rajahs; they still have no analogues.
Recently I learned about the healing effects of stones (minerals) on the human body. This section is called lithotherapy. Lithotherapy is the therapeutic effect of stones (minerals) on the human body.
Modern pharmacology uses more than 50 different minerals to prepare various medicines. It is believed that minerals coordinate the vascular circulatory system and brain activity.
- Aventurine - balances emotions, maintains a joyful mood and clarity of mind.
- Aquamarine - relieves stress, eliminates phobias.
- Alexandrite - calms, promotes openness and communication.
- Diamond - improves brain function, enhances the energy of abstract thinking, increases contact.
- Amethyst - relieves headaches, insomnia, strengthens the endocrine system, increases the activity of the right hemisphere of the brain.
- Turquoise - balances emotions, strengthens the sense of mutual understanding.
- Pearls - strengthens memory, brings peace and tranquility.
- Emerald - eliminates affects.
- Corals - strengthen memory, relieve tics, control emotions.
- Lapis lazuli improves visual acuity and reduces pain.
- Malachite - stimulates the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs.
- Jade - stimulates kidney function.
- Opal - enhances the sense of intuition.
- Sapphire - helps in the treatment of diabetes, disorders of the skeletal system, and relieves insomnia.
- Carnelian - strengthens teeth, stimulates speech.
- Topaz - affects the thyroid gland.
- Crystal - improves blood, stimulates the pituitary and pineal glands.
- Amber - stimulates the nervous system, improves the respiratory system, increases hemoglobin in the blood.
Conclusion. Nature has a huge number of colored, semi-precious and precious stones, approximately 160 species, which have attracted people magical properties, healing effects and beauty of stones.
Chapter 5. How to become a collector
I was very young when I first noticed on the roads of the village of Voskresenskoye, where I visited my grandparents for the summer, a stone of extraordinary beauty. It shimmered with all the colors of the rainbow and had a strange shape. As my grandfather explained to me, it was slag, a waste by-product from the production of copper, which was smelted almost 300 years ago at the local Voskresensky copper smelter.
I became very interested in what stones are and what they are like. I began to be interested in them, collect them, I had a desire to know more and more about them and, of course, each time to replenish my collection of stones and minerals.
You can simply collect beautiful, attractive specimens, but the collection of minerals and rocks, which shows how minerals were formed or what geological structure they have, and collecting takes on the features of scientific research.
There are several approaches to forming a collection. You can collect minerals by class according to the reference book, by deposits and regions, by the geological processes of their formation, and by the principle of use in industry. An interesting collection is based on the periodic table, where most elements would correspond to minerals in the form in which they exist in nature.
Each sample must be accompanied by a label indicating the name of the mineral, deposit, date of collection, and catalog number. In general, I advise you not to rely on memory, but to carefully catalog your collection, when over the years it will number hundreds or thousands of specimens; no wonder you will get completely confused without keeping records.
The number should be applied in ink to a small piece of adhesive tape or to white nitro enamel on the less attractive part of the mineral.
A little about storage. Of course, it is not always possible to organize a museum display at home, but it is worth taking care that the samples do not gather dust, do not hit each other, or fall on the floor. Do not store minerals on open shelves that may become discolored by exposure. sunlight(for example, amethysts). For samples that are not too fragile, zip bags are convenient; others should be kept in individual boxes with a label attached.
Most minerals can be washed with plain water, but still check your handbook; others may require specific cleaning. For example, carbonates become coated when washed with soap; easily soluble minerals, of course, should not be rinsed in water.
Sulfides are susceptible to oxidation, the edges become dull, and a characteristic odor appears. It is advisable to coat hygroscopic and dehydrating minerals with a protective colorless varnish. Opals become cloudy and deteriorate over time; periodic immersion in water is necessary.
Conclusion. There are several approaches to forming a collection.
You can collect minerals by class, by deposits and regions, by the geological processes of their formation, by the principle of use in industry, according to the periodic table. Mineral stones should be stored taking into account their properties.
Conclusion
After doing my research, I found that:
- The inanimate world around us consists of stones, like bricks;
- about 3,500 types of minerals are known;
- the process of mineral formation occurs deep in the bowels of the Earth;
- the only mineral that can be eaten is halite, or table salt;
- minerals are widely used in construction and industry;
- You can look for minerals for your collection everywhere!
Based on the data I received, we can conclude that our life without minerals would be much more difficult, the world of minerals has not been fully explored and is fraught with many mysteries, right under our feet you can find both minerals known to science and discover new ones.
I am very interested in minerals and stones and will continue to collect a collection of minerals.
List of used literature
1. Large series of knowledge. Planet Earth. - M.: Book World LLC, 2004.
2. Klenov A.S. For kids about minerals. - M.: “Pedagogy-Press”, 1996.
3. Carol Varley, Lisa Miles. World Geography. Encyclopedia. - M.: ROSMAN, 1997.
4. I explore the world: Children's encyclopedia: Geography / Author-comp. V.A. Markin. - M.: LLC Publishing House AST-LTD, 1997.
5. Minerals. Treasures of the Earth. - De Agostini LLC, 2009.
6. Children's Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. Multimedia encyclopedia. - Cyril and Methodius LLC, 2007.
7. http://klopotow.narod.ru/soveti/min_1.html
Completed by: Alexander Anichin, student of grade 4 “B”, Perm. Scientific supervisor: Oborina E. A., classroom teacher 4 "B" class.
Presentation. Stones and minerals of the Perm region
Project type: group, information-cognitive-research. Project duration: 1 week. Project participants: children senior group(5-6 years old), teacher.
Relevance of the project: Living in a country rich in minerals, children have no knowledge about the rocks and minerals around us. Introducing children to a variety of stones helps them become more familiar with the nature of Russia. Direct communication with stones has a great influence on the formation of moral feelings in a child, contributes to the formation of an active vocabulary, develops imagination, and promotes the harmonious development of personality. Involving children in research activities is a means of developing their curiosity, interest and caring attitude towards natural resources.
Target: Creating conditions for the development of cognitive and research abilities of students.
Tasks:
1.Teach children research activities aimed at understanding the world around them.
2. Develop mental operations, be able to put forward hypotheses, draw conclusions, and activate children’s vocabulary.
3. To form children’s ideas about the variety and characteristics of stones.
4. Introduce children to the role of stones in human life.
5. Foster a caring attitude towards inanimate nature.
6. Develop emotional responsiveness, curiosity, and interest in a variety of natural resources.
Expected result:
*Children have formed ideas about the properties of stones, the features of their appearance, knowledge about the benefits of stones in nature and human life.
*Have an idea of how stones are mined and how they are used, and what minerals Russia is rich in.
*Demonstrate cognitive abilities: demonstrate the prerequisites for search activity and intellectual initiative.
*Translate ideas into creative activities.
Project implementation stages:
Stage 1. Identifying children's initial knowledge about stones.
What do I know about stones?
Sasha: “Stones can be found in the ground, in the river.”
Misha: “All stones are hard.”
Lenya: “Stones are not made by human hands, that means they are nature.”
Olya: “They make different decorations from them.”
What do we want to know about stones?
Vika: “What kind of stones are there?”
Lenya: “What do people do with stones? Where did the stones come from?
Where can I find information?
Arseny: “You can look it up on the Internet”
Lena: “Look at different magazines”
Nadya: “I’ll ask mom and dad.”
Selection of demonstration material on this topic.
A collection of stones collected by children.
Stage 2. Cooperative activity adults and children is carried out taking into account the integration of educational areas:
*Experimental activities. Lesson “We are geologists.” Purpose: to study the properties of stones. Tasks:
- Clarify ideas about the properties of stones: hardness, softness, buoyancy, temperature.
- Develop children's speech: describe the appearance of stones, consolidate the ability to clearly pronounce words; talk coherently and consistently about the subject using a table.
- Develop the ability to independently build a hypothesis before starting experimentation and compare it with the result.
- Introduce the profession of geologist.
Preliminary work: collecting various stones for the collection, reading and discussing fairy tales by P. Bazhov.
Equipment: box with semiprecious stones, a letter, a model of a mountain, a stream, bags of sand (bumps), a container of water, illustrations with stone structures.
Handouts: stones according to the number of children, tables, pencils and colored pencils, magnifying glasses, coins. Work aprons, sleeves, caps.
TSO: laptop with illustrations of stone structures, radio tape recorder with sounds of a mountain river, music.
Vocabulary work: geologist, smooth, rough.
*Acquaintance with the surrounding world: examination of the atlas “Mineral Resources”.
*Formation of elementary mathematical concepts: Didactic game “How many stones are in our collection.”
*Communication: children compose creative stories about stones; a child's verbal description of a stone.
*Artistic creativity: painting with watercolors on stones (children decorated the stones with flowers, some painted them in the shape of insects).
*Didactic games with stones to develop sensory abilities and fine motor skills.
*Plot-role-playing game “In Search of Treasure” (the game was played on the street).
*Safety: conversation “How to behave in the laboratory while working” (studying the properties of stones).
*Active game while walking: “Find your stone.”
*Reading fiction: fairy tale by I.N. Ryzhova “What the Pebbles Whispered About”, P. Bazhov “Malachite Box”, “Silver Hoof”, “Mistress of the Copper Mountain”.
*View a series of photographs “Structures made of stones”.
*Collaboration with family: selection of stones for the collection.
Stage 3. We created a set of large and small stones to develop fine motor skills. We designed a mini-museum “Amazing Stones”.
MBOU secondary school No. 32 “Eureka-development”
Precious
stones
I've done the work Lygin Danil , 6th grade student
Project Manager:
Tikhonova Olga Viktorovna
Relevance
- Minerals exist in nature, usually found in the form of crystals. And crystals are precious stones.
- What are gems? What properties do they have? How and where are they currently used? These questions interested me, and I tried to find answers to them.
- Exploring the role of gemstones in our lives
Hypothesis
I guess: not all people know how gemstones are used in our lives.
As a result of getting acquainted with my work, everyone will learn something new and interesting for themselves.
Gems in medicine
A gift of fate
Interesting Facts
Study
Conclusion
Reflection
sources
Gems
- Precious stones are a magical creation of Nature. These are minerals that have a beautiful appearance
- The extraction of precious stones was one of the most ancient crafts.
- Since ancient times, people have highly valued the amazing properties of precious stones, attributing to them magical powers. Precious stones accompanied them everywhere as amulets and talismans. It was believed that the amulet protected its owner from evil, and the talisman brought good luck.
3 groups of stones:
Jewelry (precious)
Jewelry and ornaments
Ornamental stones
Precious stones in construction
Mausoleum of Itimad-ud-Daula
The mausoleum is located in the city of Agra in India. Precious stones and gold were used in the decoration of the building, both inside and outside.
Gems in medicine
Recently, scientists from Harvard have found a way to treat the human body using diamonds.
Many of you are familiar with this method - it is useful to wear your stone during the day near the sore spot.
Emeralds
Emerald is a 1st class gemstone. Large, defect-free emeralds of a dense tone weighing from 5 carats are valued more than diamonds.
The main qualities of emerald are its color and transparency. Natural emeralds almost always have cracks and splits.
Except Antarctica, they are found on all continents. Asian rubies are mainly valued.
The main ruby exporting countries are Thailand and Sri Lanka. Rubies from East Africa, from countries such as Kenya and Tanzania, are also in demand.
Applications of rubies
This category I gemstone is used in expensive jewelry.
It is also used as “stones” in watch mechanisms.
The laser device uses synthetic rubies.
The most famous deposits are located in the countries: Russia, India,
USA, Australia, Thailand, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, China. In Russia there is no large deposits, in which sapphire can be mined on an industrial scale.
Blue transparent sapphires are used in jewelry in the form of cuts.
Alexandrites
The stone was first found in an emerald mine near Yekaterinburg in 1833, it was described as an emerald and sent to St. Petersburg. The properties of the new mineral were studied by Lev Alekseevich Perovsky. Confused by the increased hardness of the “emerald,” Perovsky also noted a change in color. However, taking advantage of the favorable moment to distinguish himself before the royal family, he presented the mineral to the coming of age of Alexander (the future Tsar Alexander II) on April 17, 1834.
The only primary deposit of alexandrites is the “Emerald Mines of the Urals” in Russia.
Pearl- a hard rounded formation extracted from the shells of some mollusks. Valued as a gemstone and used to make jewelry.
Pearls are classified by place of origin, i.e. they can be either sea or freshwater
Usually pearls have White color, sometimes creamy or
pink; There are also yellow, green, black and even blue pearls. Blue pearls are very rare and have a high value and appeal due to their rare, blue, lead-gray hue.
"Peregrina"
Pearls do not survive for more than 150-200 years (with the exception of cases when there is no access to air; during excavations, pearls were found in layers 2000 years ago). The oldest pearl whose history can be traced is the Peregrina, owned by Elizabeth Taylor.
Diamond is a rare, but at the same time quite widespread mineral. Industrial diamond deposits are known on all continents except Antarctica. Already several thousand years ago, diamonds were mined on an industrial scale from alluvial deposits. Only towards the end of the 19th century did it become clear that diamonds do not form in river sediments.
A gift of fate
A child is a precious stone - a gift from nature. Parents mine these stones, and the teacher, like a skilled jeweler, makes a diamond out of a diamond. Natural rough diamonds are unremarkable except for their unsurpassed hardness, and it is this hardness that makes cutting diamonds, like raising children, so difficult to this day. Of course, the first thing that attracts people and precious stones is their beauty.
The imagination of jewelers can be truly limitless. Likewise, a teacher, having imagination and creativity in stock, raises a person who is successful in life.
Jewelers highly value natural gemstones. Likewise, the teacher values and supports the individual abilities of each child.
Interesting Facts
All gemstones are mined by hand.
A real emerald is more expensive than a diamond.
Ruby and sapphire are the same thing. The difference between these stones is only in color.
90% of all mined diamonds are used for industrial purposes and only 10% ends up on jewelry counters.
There is a "red emerald". This is an extremely rare mineral and is mined only in Utah (USA).
The largest diamond found was named "Cullinan". Its weight was 3106 carats (or 621g), and was presented to the English King Edward VII. During processing it was split into 105 parts.
Study
I conducted a survey to find out how much of the population knows the history of origin, deposits and the role of the significance of precious stones in human life. 110 people aged 13 years and older took part in the survey. .
The survey I conducted showed that not all people know the history of origin, deposits and the role of the significance of precious stones in human life.
Conclusion
Summing up the work on the project, we can say that precious stones are minerals that have such properties as beauty, durability, and rarity.
The tasks I set have been completed.
Reflection
While working on the project I learned:
- Work with additional sources of information.
- Draw conclusions based on the information I received.
- I learned a lot of new and useful things about precious stones.
- Do a survey.
- Create presentations and electronic catalogue.
- Evaluate and analyze your work and the work of your partners.
- I enjoyed working on the project, I learned a lot of new and interesting things.
Bibliography
1. Anderson B. Definition of precious stones. - M.: Mir, 1983. - 456 p.
2. Vasiliev L.A., Belykh Z.P. Diamonds, their properties and applications. - M.: Nedra, 1983. - 101 p.
3. Kornilov N.I., Solodova Yu.P. Jewelry stones. - M.: Nedra, 1982. - 240 p.
4. Smith G. Precious stones. - M.: Mir, 1984. - 560 p.
Internet resources
- http://www.jawahr-goldmagazine.com/userfiles/image/2-2010/hhh/00.png- gems slide 1 and 2
- http://vinokurov.ucoz.ru/_ph/3/559883217.jpg- Mausoleum Itimad-ud-Daula slide 6
- http://www.smolensk2.ru/images/img_26797.jpg- diamond slide 7
- Slide 8:
- http://cs9965.userapi.com/u81955157/-6/x_4f98b4c6.jpg- emerald
- http://ivanovoivanovo.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0% B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg– ruby
- http://lifeglobe.net/media/entry/597/02ae13f122c9_3.jpg- sapphire
- http://www.lithotherapy.ru/img/aleksandrit/aleksandrit.jpghttp://www.lithotherapy.ru/img/aleksandrit/aleksandrit.jpg- alexandrite
- http://www.unc.edu/~ksburton/lapidary/images/Pearl1.jpeg- pearls
- http://img0.liveinternet.ru/images/attach/c/1/58/318/58318597_1272361268_starofafrica3.jpg- diamond
- http://young.rzd.ru/dbmm/images/41/4080/4437837- slide 9 emerald
- http://www.dragkamen.ru/images/izumrud4.jpg- slide 9 - ring with emerald
- http://ru.wikipedia.org
MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 9 RESEARCH WORK
Completed by: Maltovnik Ksenia
student of 4th grade "B"
Supervisor:
Romanchikova Olga Mikhailovna
Purpose of the study : study the properties of minerals and their applications
Tasks :
- study literature about minerals;
- find out how minerals were formed on Earth;
- how many different minerals there are;
- learn how minerals are used;
- study the properties of minerals in your collection;
- introduce others to my passion and interesting samples from my collection
- expand your knowledge and understanding in the field of studying nature and its laws
- take the first step in studying mineralogy using the knowledge of sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, ecology
Relevance The study of minerals is due to their unique properties, the need to attract the interest of others in mineralogy, since the world of minerals has not been fully explored and is fraught with many mysteries.
Hypothesis.
Minerals are widely used in human activities.
Research methods :
- literature study,
- use of Internet resources,
- survey,
- observation,
- research of samples from our own collection
- mineral classification
Variety of minerals
- The term “mineral” itself, as far as is known, was first used by a learned monk in the 13th century. Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great). In medieval Latin it meant “that which comes from a mine,” “fossil.”
- Mineral(fr. mineral, from late lat. minera- ore) is a natural body with a certain chemical composition and crystalline structure, formed as a result of natural physical and chemical processes and is an integral part of the Earth’s crust, rocks, ores, meteorites.
Today it is known about
4000 types of minerals,
however only a few dozen
distributed on the surface of the Earth.
Study of minerals
- The science that studies minerals is called mineralogy. She studies the composition, properties, structures and conditions of formation of minerals.
- Mineralogy is one of the most ancient sciences.
- The first descriptions of minerals appeared among the ancient Greeks. Mining contributed to the further development of mineralogy. Mineralogy actively uses the achievements of physics, chemistry and other sciences.
- Thus, the mineralogical study of meteorites and samples from other planets made it possible to learn a lot about the history of the Solar system and
processes of planet formation.
Origin of minerals
In nature, minerals are found in pure form, but much more often they form compounds with other minerals.
Such natural mineral compounds are called rocks.
According to the method of origin, rocks and minerals are divided into igneous,
sedimentary
metamorphic.
The main forms of mineral release in nature
Druze
Concretions
Aggregates
Leaks
Dendrites
Geodes
Appearance minerals are unusually varied
Pyrite
Desert Rose
Staurolite
Glendonite
My collection
When collecting minerals, it is useful to know their basic physical, chemical and crystalline properties.
Each mineral has a characteristic set of these characteristics that help in its identification.
The easiest way is to describe the physical properties of a mineral, which our senses allow us to determine. For example, optical properties such as color and gloss are determined by eye.
The most important properties of minerals
These properties of minerals are easy
determined in the field.
- SYNGONY - classification of crystallographic symmetry groups, crystals and crystal lattices
- CLASS - division of minerals according to common features
- FRACTURE is a characteristic of a mineral that describes the type of surface formed when the mineral splits.
- SHINE - an optical effect caused by the reflection of part of the light flux incident on a mineral.
- TRAIL COLOR - the color of minerals in a fine powder, serves as one of the diagnostic signs for identifying minerals and rocks.
- HARDNESS. A mineral's hardness is measured by finding the hardest reference mineral it can scratch; and/or the softest reference mineral that scratches the given mineral.
- Mohs scale(mineralogical hardness scale) a set of reference minerals for determining relative hardness using the scratching method. 10 minerals, arranged in order of increasing hardness, were taken as standards. Proposed in 1811 by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs
Mohs scale
In addition to the Mohs scale, there are other methods for determining hardness, but the different hardness scales cannot be unambiguously correlated with each other. Several more accurate systems for measuring the hardness of materials have been adopted in practice, none of which covers the entire spectrum of the Mohs scale.
Study of mineral properties
Minerals catalog
№ p/p
Appearance
Name
Rhinestone
Family
celestine
quartz
Formula
Olivine
sulfates
Class
Sio 2
SrSO 4
singonia
oxides
Selenite
sulfates
(Mq.Fe) 2 SiO 4
Color
gypsum
trigonal
chalcopyrite
Hardness
silicates
CaSO 4 .2H 2 O
rhombic
transparent
sulfates
SuFeS 2
rhombic
From colorless to blue and green
Kink
conchoidal
sulfides
monoclinic
green
Shine
conchoidal
tetragonal
Transparent to yellowish
Stroke color
glass
conchoidal
From dark yellow to green and purple
Glass and mother of pearl
white
Usage
Not smooth
Decoration, optics, radio engineering
Production
glass
white
conchoidal
Glass, silky
Japan, Brazil, India, USA, Hungary
during fireworks
White
white
Spain, Tunisia, Türkiye, Russia
decorations
metal
Black with a greenish tint
decorations
Egypt, Pakistan, Russia
Mexico, Italy, USA, Spain, Greece
Source of copper
Chile, Spain, South Africa, USA
Minerals around us
- The common salt we eat is a mineral that
geologists call halite.
- In natural underground
deposits it occurs in the form
stone Very beautiful crystals
rock salt.
- The mining of precious stones in Russia began in the middle of the 17th century: first, malachite storehouses were discovered, then reserves of amethyst, beryl, topaz, and many ornamental stones (agate, carnelian, jasper) were discovered.
- Territory Russian Federation It is very rich in deposits of precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones; there are both minerals common throughout the world and rare, unique ones. For example, there were no analogues to Ural malachite, and even though store shelves are filled with African and Asian malachite jewelry, in terms of quality and beauty they cannot be compared with Ural stones. And the deposits of charoite and some other precious stones in Russia are the only ones in the world.
Mineral protection
To protect the subsoil of the Southern Urals
In 1920, the Ilmen Mineralogical Reserve was created.
More than 270 minerals were discovered here, 17 of which were firsts in the world.
The Ilmen Mountains have not been fully studied. Scientists from all over the world come here in search of new minerals.
- Amethyst Sverdlovsk, Magadan, Karaganda regions, Karelia, Angaro-Ilimsky iron ore district, Kola Peninsula, Sakha, Komi Republic.
- Heliodor and aquamarine Chita, Taldykurgan, Sverdlovsk regions, Kazakhstan, Irkutsk region.
- Emerald Sverdlovsk region "Emerald Mines".
- Pomegranate Transcarpathia, Karelia, Sverdlovsk, Kamchatka regions, Primorsky Territory, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Yakutia, Western Transbaikalia, Krasnoyarsk Territory.
- Uvarovite Perm region, Primorsky Krai, Yakutia.
- Tsavorite Primorsky Krai, Yakutia.
- Jade Krasnoyarsk Territory, Komi Republic, North Caucasus, Koryak Highlands.
- Ruby Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk regions.
- Lapis lazuli Irkutsk region.
- Nephritis Ural, Buryatia, Republic of Tyva.
- Rhodonite Yakutia, Sverdlovsk region, Bashkiria, Buryatia, Khabarovsk region, Irkutsk region.
- Tourmaline Irkutsk and Sverdlovsk region.
- Chrysoberyl Sverdlovsk region, Karelia.
- Chrysolite Taimyr district, Kola Peninsula.
- Chrome diopside and charoite Yakutia.
- On the territory of the region, deposits of non-metallic (mostly common) solid minerals have been explored, which are used or can be used in the construction industry, as mineral fertilizers in agriculture and as technological raw materials in industry. Mineral resources of the Penza region are represented by: raw materials for the production of building materials.
- The geological collection of the Penza Museum of Local Lore includes 2058 storage units. It is based on receipts from the collections of the museums of the Mining Institute of St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg, the Scientific Archival Commission of the Penza Province, and the Academy of Sciences. Employees of the Penza Museum of Local Lore A.A. made a great contribution to the formation of the collection. Shtukenberg, E.M. Pulkhritudova, A.N. Magnitsky, I.I. Sprygin. Its formation and description occurred at the beginning of the twentieth century. The collection was collected in the Sursky region, Russia and abroad. It has great scientific and practical significance. Teachers, students, schoolchildren turn to her. Currently, employees of the Department of Nature are conducting a scientific description of the geological collection that meets modern requirements.
Human use of minerals and rocks
Minerals, and therefore mineralogy, are of extremely great interest to industry, many fields of science and have important aesthetic significance. As for the economy, no matter what aspect we take, right down to the problems of the modern standard of living, any of them turns out to be somehow related to the use of minerals.
Application of minerals
Where are they used?
Chemistry and pyrotechnics
Examples of minerals
As fertilizer
Cinnabar, celestine, sulfur, realgar, halite, calcite, borax, anhydrite
Sylvine, sulfur, Chilean saltpeter, sylvite, carnallite, gypsum, apatite, wavellite
Fluorite, dioptase, quartz
Porcelain, ceramics and glass products
Fluorite, cryolite, cassiterite, strontianite, witherite, celestine, kyanite, wollastonite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite, etc.
In jewelry and as ornamental
Spinel, emerald, diamond, corundum (sapphire, ruby), chrysoberyl, charoite, serpentinite, rhodonite, azurite, malachite, turquoise, chrysolite, garnet group minerals, etc.
As refractories, acid-resistant and electrical insulating materials
Kyanite, brucite, chrysotile, colemanite, olivine, andalusite, sillimanite, pyrophyllite, talc, mica group, tridymite, albite, labradorite
In construction
In medicine and pharmaceuticals
Calcite, dolomite, gypsum
Magnesite, mirabilite, sassolin, colemanite, gypsum
In metallurgy
Dolomite, rhodochrosite, colemanite, vanadinite
In the nuclear industry
Celestine, stilbite, mesolite, laumontite, heulandite, etc.
Interesting mainly for collectors (may be used in the future)
Epidote, arsenolite, phosgenite, ledgillite, aurichalcite, artinite, boracite, crocoite, hübnerite, adamine, olivenite, staurolite, ilvaite, axinite, hedenbergite, augite
- Minerals, stones, pebbles... they can seriously influence both the person wearing it and outside of it, both helping with the right stone and hindering with the wrong one. There are sets of stones in which are hidden enormous forces, used in magic both for the benefit of a person (healing, good luck) and for harm. Beautiful jewelry trinkets can turn out to be both a guardian angel and a killer demon for their owner or mistress.
HISTORICAL STONES
"SHAH"
One of the famous
historical stones, diamond (weight 88 ct), stored in the Diamond Fund of Russia in Moscow. The stone is engraved with inscriptions in Persian telling about its previous owners: in 1591 the diamond belonged to Burhan Nizam Shah II of the Mughal dynasty, in 1641 to Jahan Shah, in 1824 to Shah Qajar Fath Ali, ruler of Persia.
Diamond Fund of Russia is a unique collection of works of jewelry art from the 18th - 20th centuries. The collection of the Diamond Fund also includes samples of rare precious stones, nuggets precious metals. The collection that the Kremlin Diamond Fund possesses today was started by Peter the Great.
Conclusion
After doing my research, I found that:
- The inanimate world around us consists of minerals, like bricks;
- about 4000 types of minerals are known;
- the process of mineral formation occurs deep in the bowels of the Earth;
- each mineral has its own properties;
- the only mineral that can be eaten is halite, or table salt;
- minerals are widely used in construction and industry;
- Almost all known minerals can be found in the Urals;
- widespread use of minerals can lead to depletion of reserves
- You can look for minerals for your collection everywhere
- Based on my research, we can conclude that our life without minerals would be much more difficult, the world of minerals has not been fully explored and is fraught with many mysteries; right under our feet you can find both minerals known to science and discover new ones.
- I really want to visit the Ural Mountains, the Ilmen Mountains, and the Kungur Caves. I am very interested in minerals and stones. I will continue to collect a collection of minerals in order to better understand their secrets, because discoveries still await me when I study chemistry, physics, geography...
- Ananyeva E.G., Mirnova S.S. "Earth. Complete encyclopedia." Moscow, Eksmo, 2007
- Gural S. “Precious stones.” Moscow, Eksmo, 2010
- "Stones of the world: the most beautiful and famous." Moscow, "Avanta.Astrel.", 2007
- Farndon John "Precious and semi-precious stones, minerals and minerals." Moscow, Eksmo, 2009
- Fersman A.E. "Essays on the history of stone." Tt. 1.2. Moscow, "Terra Book Club". 2003
- Fersman A.E. "Entertaining mineralogy." Leningrad, “Young Guard”, 1935