FLUORITE Fluorite gets its name from the Latin word fluor flow. The stone was used as glass in optical night vision devices. The demand for fluorite as a decorative material is increasing. Jewelry is made from precious stones: bracelets, beads, rings, and sometimes there are boxes, candlesticks, and ashtrays.






ROSE QUARTZ Quartz has been used since ancient times to make jewelry among most peoples of the world. Quartz was first mentioned by Theophastus, then by Pliny, who considered quartz to be petrified ice. The origin of the word “quartz” probably comes from the Vendian “twardy” - hard.


TOPAZ Topaz is an incredibly beautiful gemstone that is often used in jewelry. As a mineral, topaz is excellent for cutting glass. It is most often mined in crystals. This stone was named after the island of Topazion in the Red Sea


MALACHITE Malachite's name comes from the Greek "malache" - mallow (flower). Malachite is a hydrous carbonate of all shades of green. Israel and Ancient Egypt were famous for malachite deposits in ancient times. It was there that the belief was born that this stone was the best assistant to the pharaohs in making decisions. This contributed to the popularization of the use of malachite for making amulets, various decorations and interior details.






Amber Amber is simply a delightful gift for us from Mother Nature. Amber comes in different colors - yellow, orange, red, white, brown, green, blue and almost black. Very often you can find particles of plants or insects trapped in amber, which is of great importance for both collectors and scientists.


CHALcedony Chalcedony got its name from the Chalcedony area in Asia Minor. Chalcedony is also called “blue moonstone”, “Mecca stone”. Chalcedony is not an ordinary gemstone. Chalcedony is the most popular material for making jewelry, ranging from a luxurious evening necklace to formal cufflinks. The availability of the precious stone and the variety of shades make it so popular for making vases, figurines, mosaics, and interior details.

MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 9 RESEARCH WORK

Completed by: Maltovnik Ksenia

student of 4th grade "B"

Supervisor:

Romanchikova Olga Mikhailovna


Purpose of the study : study the properties of minerals and their applications

Tasks :

  • study literature about minerals;
  • find out how minerals were formed on Earth;
  • how many different minerals there are;
  • learn how minerals are used;
  • study the properties of minerals in your collection;
  • introduce others to my passion and interesting samples from my collection
  • expand your knowledge and understanding in the field of studying nature and its laws
  • take the first step in studying mineralogy using the knowledge of sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, ecology

Relevance The study of minerals is due to their unique properties, the need to attract the interest of others in mineralogy, since the world of minerals has not been fully explored and is fraught with many mysteries.

Hypothesis.

Minerals are widely used in human activities.


Research methods :

  • literature study,
  • use of Internet resources,
  • survey,
  • observation,
  • research of samples from our own collection
  • mineral classification

Variety of minerals

  • The term “mineral” itself, as far as is known, was first used by a learned monk in the 13th century. Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great). In medieval Latin it meant “that which comes from a mine,” “fossil.”
  • Mineral(fr. mineral, from late lat. minera- ore) is a natural body with a certain chemical composition and crystalline structure, formed as a result of natural physical and chemical processes and is an integral part of the Earth’s crust, rocks, ores, meteorites.

Today it is known about

4000 types of minerals,

however only a few dozen

distributed on the surface of the Earth.


Study of minerals

  • The science that studies minerals is called mineralogy. She studies the composition, properties, structures and conditions of formation of minerals.
  • Mineralogy is one of the most ancient sciences.
  • The first descriptions of minerals appeared among the ancient Greeks. Mining contributed to the further development of mineralogy. Mineralogy actively uses the achievements of physics, chemistry and other sciences.
  • Thus, the mineralogical study of meteorites and samples from other planets made it possible to learn a lot about the history of the Solar system and

processes of planet formation.


Origin of minerals

In nature, minerals are found in pure form, but much more often they form compounds with other minerals.

Such natural mineral compounds are called rocks.

According to the method of origin, rocks and minerals are divided into igneous,

sedimentary

metamorphic.


The main forms of mineral release in nature

Druze

Concretions

Aggregates

Leaks

Dendrites

Geodes


The appearance of minerals is unusually different

Pyrite

Desert Rose

Staurolite

Glendonite


My collection

When collecting minerals, it is useful to know their basic physical, chemical and crystalline properties.

Each mineral has a characteristic set of these characteristics that help in its identification.

The easiest way is to describe the physical properties of a mineral, which our senses allow us to determine. For example, optical properties such as color and gloss are determined by eye.


The most important properties of minerals

These properties of minerals are easy

determined in the field.


  • SYNGONY - classification of crystallographic symmetry groups, crystals and crystal lattices
  • CLASS - division of minerals according to common features
  • FRACTURE is a characteristic of a mineral that describes the type of surface formed when the mineral splits.
  • SHINE - an optical effect caused by the reflection of part of the light flux incident on a mineral.
  • TRAIL COLOR - the color of minerals in a fine powder, serves as one of the diagnostic signs for identifying minerals and rocks.
  • HARDNESS. A mineral's hardness is measured by finding the hardest reference mineral it can scratch; and/or the softest reference mineral that scratches the given mineral.

  • Mohs scale(mineralogical hardness scale) a set of reference minerals for determining relative hardness using the scratching method. 10 minerals, arranged in order of increasing hardness, were taken as standards. Proposed in 1811 by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs

Mohs scale

In addition to the Mohs scale, there are other methods for determining hardness, but the different hardness scales cannot be unambiguously correlated with each other. Several more accurate systems for measuring the hardness of materials have been adopted in practice, none of which covers the entire spectrum of the Mohs scale.


Study of mineral properties


Minerals catalog

№ p/p

Appearance

Name

Rhinestone

Family

celestine

quartz

Formula

Olivine

sulfates

Class

Sio 2

SrSO 4

singonia

oxides

Selenite

sulfates

(Mq.Fe) 2 SiO 4

Color

gypsum

trigonal

chalcopyrite

Hardness

silicates

CaSO 4 .2H 2 O

rhombic

transparent

sulfates

SuFeS 2

rhombic

From colorless to blue and green

Kink

conchoidal

sulfides

monoclinic

green

Shine

conchoidal

tetragonal

Transparent to yellowish

Stroke color

glass

conchoidal

From dark yellow to green and purple

Glass and mother of pearl

white

Usage

Not smooth

Decoration, optics, radio engineering

Production

glass

white

conchoidal

Glass, silky

Japan, Brazil, India, USA, Hungary

during fireworks

White

white

Spain, Tunisia, Türkiye, Russia

decorations

metal

Black with a greenish tint

decorations

Egypt, Pakistan, Russia

Mexico, Italy, USA, Spain, Greece

Source of copper

Chile, Spain, South Africa, USA


Minerals around us

  • The common salt we eat is a mineral that

geologists call halite.

  • In natural underground

deposits it occurs in the form

stone Very beautiful crystals

rock salt.


  • The mining of precious stones in Russia began in the middle of the 17th century: first, malachite storehouses were discovered, then reserves of amethyst, beryl, topaz, and many ornamental stones (agate, carnelian, jasper) were discovered.
  • Territory Russian Federation It is very rich in deposits of precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones; there are both minerals common throughout the world and rare, unique ones. For example, there were and still are no analogues to Ural malachite - although the store shelves are filled with African and Asian malachite jewelry, in terms of quality and beauty they cannot be compared with Ural stones. And the deposits of charoite and some other precious stones in Russia are the only ones in the world.


Mineral protection

To protect the subsoil of the Southern Urals

In 1920, the Ilmen Mineralogical Reserve was created.

More than 270 minerals were discovered here, 17 of which were firsts in the world.

The Ilmen Mountains have not been fully studied. Scientists from all over the world come here in search of new minerals.


  • Amethyst Sverdlovsk, Magadan, Karaganda regions, Karelia, Angaro-Ilimsky iron ore district, Kola Peninsula, Sakha, Komi Republic.
  • Heliodor and aquamarine Chita, Taldykurgan, Sverdlovsk regions, Kazakhstan, Irkutsk region.
  • Emerald Sverdlovsk region "Emerald Mines".
  • Pomegranate Transcarpathia, Karelia, Sverdlovsk, Kamchatka regions, Primorsky Territory, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Yakutia, Western Transbaikalia, Krasnoyarsk Territory.
  • Uvarovite Perm region, Primorsky Krai, Yakutia.
  • Tsavorite Primorsky Krai, Yakutia.
  • Jade Krasnoyarsk Territory, Komi Republic, North Caucasus, Koryak Highlands.
  • Ruby Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk regions.
  • Lapis lazuli Irkutsk region.
  • Nephritis Ural, Buryatia, Republic of Tyva.
  • Rhodonite Yakutia, Sverdlovsk region, Bashkiria, Buryatia, Khabarovsk region, Irkutsk region.
  • Tourmaline Irkutsk and Sverdlovsk region.
  • Chrysoberyl Sverdlovsk region, Karelia.
  • Chrysolite Taimyr district, Kola Peninsula.
  • Chrome diopside and charoite Yakutia.


  • On the territory of the region, deposits of non-metallic (mostly common) solid minerals have been explored, which are used or can be used in the construction industry, as mineral fertilizers in agriculture and as technological raw materials in industry. Mineral resources of the Penza region are represented by: raw materials for the production of building materials.
  • The geological collection of the Penza Museum of Local Lore includes 2058 storage units. It is based on receipts from the collections of the museums of the Mining Institute of St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg, the Scientific Archival Commission of the Penza Province, and the Academy of Sciences. Employees of the Penza Museum of Local Lore A.A. made a great contribution to the formation of the collection. Shtukenberg, E.M. Pulkhritudova, A.N. Magnitsky, I.I. Sprygin. Its formation and description occurred at the beginning of the twentieth century. The collection was collected in the Sursky region, Russia and abroad. It has great scientific and practical significance. Teachers, students, schoolchildren turn to her. Currently, employees of the Department of Nature are conducting a scientific description of the geological collection that meets modern requirements.

Human use of minerals and rocks

Minerals, and therefore mineralogy, are of extremely great interest to industry, many fields of science, and have important aesthetic significance. As for the economy, no matter what aspect we take, right down to the problems of the modern standard of living, any of them turns out to be somehow related to the use of minerals.

Application of minerals

Where are they used?

Chemistry and pyrotechnics

Examples of minerals

As fertilizer

Cinnabar, celestine, sulfur, realgar, halite, calcite, borax, anhydrite

Sylvine, sulfur, Chilean saltpeter, sylvite, carnallite, gypsum, apatite, wavellite

Fluorite, dioptase, quartz

Porcelain, ceramics and glass products

Fluorite, cryolite, cassiterite, strontianite, witherite, celestine, kyanite, wollastonite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite, etc.

In jewelry and as ornamental

Spinel, emerald, diamond, corundum (sapphire, ruby), chrysoberyl, charoite, serpentinite, rhodonite, azurite, malachite, turquoise, chrysolite, garnet group minerals, etc.

As refractories, acid-resistant and electrical insulating materials

Kyanite, brucite, chrysotile, colemanite, olivine, andalusite, sillimanite, pyrophyllite, talc, mica group, tridymite, albite, labradorite

In construction

In medicine and pharmaceuticals

Calcite, dolomite, gypsum

Magnesite, mirabilite, sassolin, colemanite, gypsum

In metallurgy

Dolomite, rhodochrosite, colemanite, vanadinite

In the nuclear industry

Celestine, stilbite, mesolite, laumontite, heulandite, etc.

Interesting mainly for collectors (may be used in the future)

Epidote, arsenolite, phosgenite, ledgillite, aurichalcite, artinite, boracite, crocoite, hübnerite, adamine, olivenite, staurolite, ilvaite, axinite, hedenbergite, augite


  • Minerals, stones, pebbles... they can seriously influence both the person wearing it and outside of it, both helping with the right stone and hindering with the wrong one. There are sets of stones in which are hidden enormous forces, used in magic both for the benefit of a person (healing, good luck) and for harm. Beautiful jewelry trinkets can turn out to be both a guardian angel and a killer demon for their owner or mistress.

HISTORICAL STONES

"SHAH"

One of the famous

historical stones, diamond (weight 88 ct), stored in the Diamond Fund of Russia in Moscow. The stone is engraved with inscriptions in Persian telling about its previous owners: in 1591 the diamond belonged to Burhan Nizam Shah II of the Mughal dynasty, in 1641 to Jahan Shah, in 1824 to Shah Qajar Fath Ali, ruler of Persia.


Diamond Fund of Russia is a unique collection of works of jewelry art from the 18th - 20th centuries. The collection of the Diamond Fund also includes samples of rare precious stones, nuggets precious metals. The collection that the Kremlin Diamond Fund possesses today was started by Peter the Great.


Conclusion

After doing my research, I found that:

  • The inanimate world around us consists of minerals, like bricks;
  • about 4000 types of minerals are known;
  • the process of mineral formation occurs deep in the bowels of the Earth;
  • each mineral has its own properties;
  • the only mineral that can be eaten is halite, or table salt;
  • minerals are widely used in construction and industry;
  • Almost all known minerals can be found in the Urals;
  • widespread use of minerals can lead to depletion of reserves
  • You can look for minerals for your collection everywhere

  • Based on my research, we can conclude that our life without minerals would be much more difficult, the world of minerals has not been fully explored and is fraught with many mysteries; right under our feet you can find both minerals known to science and discover new ones.
  • I really want to visit the Ural Mountains, the Ilmen Mountains, and the Kungur Caves. I am very interested in minerals and stones. I will continue to collect a collection of minerals in order to better understand their secrets, because discoveries still await me when I study chemistry, physics, geography...

  • Ananyeva E.G., Mirnova S.S. "Earth. Complete encyclopedia." Moscow, Eksmo, 2007
  • Gural S. " Gems" Moscow, Eksmo, 2010
  • "Stones of the world: the most beautiful and famous." Moscow, "Avanta.Astrel.", 2007
  • Farndon John "Precious and semi-precious stones, minerals and minerals." Moscow, Eksmo, 2009
  • Fersman A.E. "Essays on the history of stone." Tt. 1.2. Moscow, "Terra Book Club". 2003
  • Fersman A.E. "Entertaining mineralogy." Leningrad, “Young Guard”, 1935

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Kalinin secondary school"

Stones. Unusual in the ordinary.

Completed by: Kolesnikov Semyon,

2nd grade student of MBOU "Kalininskaya Secondary School"

Head: Goncharenko L.M.

2013

Content

I. Introduction

II. Main part. My research on the topic “Stone. Unusual in the ordinary"

1. Questionnaire

2. How did stones appear on Earth?

3. Stories of stones

IV. Practical part. My collection “World of Stone”

V. Conclusions

VI. Bibliography

Choosing a research topic. I often bring home different stones from a walk. They can be found anywhere: on the streets of our village, on the banks of the Tasheba River, even in the garden. They are not similar to each other in shape, color, size, some are beautiful, others not so much, but they are all called in one word - stone. I look at them and think - probably each of them has its own name, its own story of appearance on Earth.

I wanted to know:

Where do stones come from? How many are there on Earth?

What are their names?Why are stones needed?

I tried to find answers to these and other questions in my work.

Purpose of the study. Find out the history of the appearance of stones on Earth, their properties and significance in human life.

Research objectives.

    Find and study literature on this topic.

    Find out what your classmates know about this topic.

    Find out as much as possible about stones (what they are, names, stories associated with stones, how they appeared on Earth, what benefits they bring to people).

    Collect a collection of stones that people use.

Research hypothesis. I can propose:1) stones surrounding a person may have unusual properties; 2) a person can use the various properties of stones for his own benefit.

Research methods:

    analysis of scientific literature;

    survey;
    observation;

    comparison,

    generalization.

Research results

To find answers to the questions posed, I asked my parents, read books on this issue, and surfed the Internet. Here are the results of my research.

Questionnaire

I conducted a survey among my classmates. It was attended by

19 people. Age - 8 years.

Questions

Answered "yes"

Answered "no"

Have you collected stones?

If you collected it, then why?

13 people (answers: “for the collection”, “interesting”, “they are beautiful”, “for playing”, “for the aquarium”, “just because”)

6 people

Do you know the names of the stones? Write down the names.

17 people (most named 1-2 stones)

2 people

Do you know how stones appeared on Earth?

9 people

10 people

How does a person use stones?

11 people (answers: “in construction”, “for crafts”, “they make beads, bracelets”)

8 people

Do you want to know more about stones?

16 people

3 people

Conclusions: the guys know little about the world of stones, they want to learn more.

What is "stone"?

Man has been friends with stone for tens of thousands of years.The very first tools of ancient man were made of stone. Archaeologists still find stone knives, axes, needles, and spears in ancient burials. Therefore one of the periods ancient history called the Stone Age.

In dictionaryI found the meaning of the word "stone".

“Stone is a solid rock in pieces or a solid mass, as well as a separate piece, a fragment of such rock.”

There are more than 8,000 types of natural stones in the world.

How did stones appear on Earth?

Stones vary in color, appearance and properties because they were “born” in different conditions.

There are rocks that were “born” from magma - molten substance from the depths of the Earth. Magma could endurelava flows during volcanic eruptionsor it froze at some depth, not reaching the earth's surface. These are igneous rocks. This is how granite and basalt were formed.
 Sedimentary rocks were “born” from fragments of other rocks. They were processed and brought by water. For example, sandstone, rock salt.

Rocks could be “born” from the remains of ancient plants and animals. This is how limestones were formed.

Stories of stones.

First stone: coal.

I found this stone in our yard. It is black in color, shiny, rough to the touch, hard, durable. The stone has one remarkable property - it becomes heated in a fire, fills with a red flame, hot, like a fire, and burns itself. This is coal.

Where did he come from?

It all started many millions of years ago, when the Earth was a kingdom of forests and swamps. Stepping on the forests, the swamp water flooded the entire ground around the giant trees, washed away their roots, the trees died and fell into the muddy swamp slurry. Behind for a long time a thick layer of compacted plants accumulated underground. The remains of the trees rotted and turned into a brown mass - peat. Compressed by layers of earth, the peat gradually hardened, turned to stone and turned into stone - brown coal. And if brown coal underground was very strongly compressed, it gradually turned into black coal, and then into anthracite. This is the best type of coal. It burns with almost no smoke and produces a lot of heat.

When burned, coal produces a lot of heat. That's why man uses it as fuel.

In addition to heat and energy, coal has given us many other gifts: plastic toys, medicinal and aromatic substances, car tires, fishing nets, paints and varnishes.

On the map “Mineral Resources of Khakassia” there are black squares - these are symbols of coal deposits.

Not far from our village Kalinino is the city of Chernogorsk. It is called the city of coal miners. Chernogorsk got its name from the Black Mountain; it is a real coal storehouse. Coal reserves in the Chernogorsk deposit amount to hundreds of millions of tons. This coal will last for decades to come. And the reserves of the Beyskoye field are about one billion tons. In Khakassia there are also Izykhskoye and Askizskoye coal deposits.

Second stone: limestone.

I saw this stone at home when my parents were preparing for whitewashing. If you boil it, you get lime. And the stone itself is called limestone. Limestone is a white or whitish-gray stone and leaves white marks on the hands.

It is usually mined in quarries or open pits. People who mine limestone in a quarry work as if at the bottom of the sea. Of course, now there is no sea in this place, but it was many millions of years ago (then the continents, oceans and seas were located differently than they are now). Marine organisms died and sank to the bottom. From their skeletons and shells, layers of limestone gradually formed.

When large, even limestone stones are needed, they are cut out in a quarry with special saws. If small, uneven stones are needed, they are mined using an excavator.

This is a very useful resource. No construction project is complete without limestone. It is spent on the production of cement, which is needed to hold together building parts: bricks, slabs, blocks. Lime is obtained from limestone, which is used to whitewash walls and ceilings. Lime is also included in plaster. It is even included in glass.

Our republic has its own limestone deposits (they are indicated on the map by a white square with diagonals).The best of them are located in our Ust-Abakansky district (these are the Uybatskoye and Ulenskoye deposits) and in the Bogradsky district (Loshchinskoye deposit).

Third stone: marble.

And my classmate brought this snow-white beautiful stone to school. This is marble. The teacher said that marble is also limestone. If limestone sinks to great depths (for example, during an earthquake, volcanic eruption), then under the influence high temperatures and enormous pressure it turns into beautiful marble.

Marble is very durable and hard. He surprises us different colors and drawing. Marble polishes well. Polished, it becomes smooth and incredibly beautiful. Therefore, marble is used for cladding walls and columns in palaces and metro stations.

Khakassia has its own large reserves of marble (the symbol on the map is a rhombus with one diagonal). This is the Kibik-Kordonskoye field not far from the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, it isone of the oldest marble deposits in Russia. Marble from this deposit was used for cladding metro stations in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Limestone has another “relative” with which every schoolchild is familiar. We write and draw with them on the board and asphalt. Thischalk. It, of course, bears little resemblance to stone: it is less durable, easily breaks into pieces, and crumbles. But at the same time, chalk is our indispensable assistant at school.

Practical part . My collection "World of Stone".

With the help of my parents, I collected a collection of decorative and ornamental stones, which I called “The World of Stone.” I prepared a report about my collection, a slide presentation and spoke to my classmates, as well as at a school scientific and practical conference for primary school students.

Message

Project “Ural Gems” preparatory group.

“There are gems in the Urals, the whole Urals is gems,

I want you to know a little about this too"

Project participants: children 6-7 years old, teachers, parents, music director.

Project type: medium-term

Project type: cognitive and creative.

Relevance of the project one of the priority areas preschool work is the development of the intellectual and creative potential of preschool children through research activities. Working with children to get acquainted with their small Motherland - the Urals, delving deeper, and loving their region, children often ask questions about the mountains of the Urals, look at different stones on walks, bring them from home, finding them with their parents, children are curious and interested in everything. A mighty chain of mountains cuts through the unimaginable expanses of the country from north to south, this is our Ural. Everywhere we look, we are surrounded by magnificent forests, mirror-like surfaces of water and blue mountains in the depths of which countless natural resources are stored.

This project makes it possible to convey to our children the unique, enchanting image of the Urals, knowledge about semi-precious stones. Work on the project is of great importance for the formation and development child-parent relationships, introduces children to the natural resources of their native land. The Ural land is rich in its history, its masters and craftsmen, its writers-storytellers, gemstones. It is they who tell in their works about the life of our region, about its characteristics and traditions. Getting to know the creativity of our writers are the basis and foundation for the formation of knowledge about their native land.

P.P. Bazhov wrote many interesting tales, which are closely intertwined with fiction... The Urals are a land that occupies a special place on the planet. And Bazhov himself is a real cult writer, who created a new Ural mythology based on legends and traditions that protects the magic of the place and its main realities - Stone, Mountain and cave...

Project implementation forms: conversations, excursions, experiments, productive activities, classes, observations.

Objective of the project: Developing interest in the natural resources of the native land - Ural gems, to give the concept that gems are beautiful stones and folk art. Involve parents in the educational process, form an idea of ​​their native land.

Project objectives:

    Introduce children to Ural gems.

    Introduce children to the tales of Pavel Bazhov. the story of stones through legends.

    To develop a desire to understand the natural resources of the Urals through educational research and productive activities

    Foster love for your small homeland, strengthen interest in joint activities with adults and peers.

    To develop the primary skills of preschoolers to make a presentation on this topic together with their parents.

EXPECTED RESULT:

    Formation of an initial idea about the nature of mountains, its depths, and gemstones.

    Formation of such character qualities that will help to become true patriots and citizens of their homeland.

    Expanding the horizons of children in the field of knowledge of the work of the Ural writer P.P. Bazhov, his tales as part of the culture of the people living in the Urals.

    Development of children's creative abilities, instilling a caring attitude towards nature.

    Involving parents and children in joint activities, establishing trust and partnership relationships with them.

    Children will receive basic knowledge about their native land, their hometown, new impressions and emotions about the world around them will appear, their horizons will broaden, and they will acquire basic knowledge about the riches of the subsoil of the Urals.

Project product:

    GCD classes

    Exhibitions of drawings based on Bazhov's tales.

    A selection of books and illustrations...

    Mini stone museum.

    Presentation of the report “Jumping fire” Olya Ovcharova.

    Layout "Silver Hoof".

Interaction with parents:

    Assistance in organizing an excursion to the Stone Museum.

    Excursion to the ObeREZhek store

    Making a “silver hoof” model.

    A selection of books and illustrations for Bazhov's tales.

    With the help of parents, a mini museum was created in the group

    Involving parents in project activities.

    Information in the parent's corner on introducing children to the culture of the Urals...

    Inviting parents to the lesson “Visiting the Mistress of the Copper Mountain.”

They will get acquainted with folklore and tales of P. Bazhov.

    Travel information folder with illustrations of the native land and nature

    Involve parents in active participation in the educational process to familiarize children with the regional component.

    To develop parents’ interest in enriching their children’s knowledge about their hometown and the place where they live.

    Contribute to the formation family traditions: jointly visit a local history museum, library, cultural recreation in nature.

Presentation based on Bazhov's tales: Jumping Firefly, child Olya Ovcharova.


Acquaintance with the collection of semi-precious stones from the Ural subsoil;

Decoration for mom

- Reading Ural tales by P.P. Bazhov





Preliminary work:

Drawing heroes of fairy tales by P.P. Bazhova

Conversations to the Motherland, native region - the Urals.

Memorizing poetry.


Equipment for the project:


Jewelry box.

Crafts from Ural gems Sets for visual material (illustrations, photographs, sketches)

Collection of stones, exhibition of drawings

Crafts with parents' participation.


Teamwork of children and parents

WAYS TO IMPLEMENT THE PROJECT

Reading fiction:

Tales of P.P. Bazhov. Silver hoof, Mistress of the Copper Mountain, Jumping Firegirl.

Poems: “Beloved City”, “Ural Mountains”, L.V. Loginova “The Old Woman Stands on the Mountain”

Conversations: “My country is Russia”;

"Where do pebbles come from"

"Who needs stones"

“Our hometown is Rezh”;

"My family";

"Our kindergarten»;

"Nature and life of the Urals."

Examination of illustrations, album, pictures “Animals of Russia”,

Design of the “Gemstones” folder

Multimedia viewing –

"Mountain of Gems."

“Fire-jumping”,

"Stone Flower",

"Silver Hoof"

"Mistress of Copper Mountain".

Photo report of the project, creation of a mini museum - Ural Gems.

"Kindergarten".

Slide show

“Natural attractions of the Urals”,

"Stone Craft"

Artistically - Aesthetic development

drawing:

"Nature of the native land"

"Mistress of Copper Mountain"

"Silver Hoof"

Non-traditional drawing technique - water printing (stone texture), monotype.

Drawing with plasticine

"Animals and Birds"

"Stone Flower",

Teamwork

"Silver Hoof" (using waste material cardboard paper) “Rock Garden”, “Beads for Mom”, “Mistress of the Copper Mountain”

Application:

"Beautiful mountains"

song "Gems".

LEGEND OF THE RAINBOW

In ancient times, a rainbow sparkled in the sky. It was all made of precious stones. Magnificent diamonds shone, red rubies, green emeralds, and purple amethysts flashed with lights. This heavenly bridge shimmered with a wondrous light. But people did not want to admire the beautiful rainbow. With axes, hammers, and shovels, they began to destroy the beautiful rainbow, hide fragments of precious stones in bags, and the sky bridge collapsed.

Expensive stones mixed with dust and dirt, turned into holes and there was no magic rainbow. But a miracle happened: one end of the rainbow did not crumble, but fell to the ground, and where it fell, mountains grew. People called these mountains the Ural Mountains, and now treasures of precious stones are kept in the depths of the Ural Mountains. But these stones are not revealed to everyone, but only to people with clean hands and a kind heart.

MALACHITE IS A SYMBOL OF FULFILLMENT OF WISHES, IT HELPS LONELY PEOPLE, IS CONSIDERED A SYMBOL OF LIFE AND GROWTH, IT IS A STONE OF HARMONY AND LOVE.

JASPER is a stone of brave, obedient, kind people.

Amber

Legend "Amber Tears"

On the seashore lived a young and handsome guy he fished and sang songs. And at the bottom of the sea lived a sea goddess, whose name was Jurata, Jurata was angry with the fisherman because he was scaring her favorite fish. The sea goddess took him to the bottom of the sea and fell in love with him, but the formidable lord of the gods got angry and killed the fisherman, and chained Yutare with a golden chain. The goddess cries over the dead fisherman, and the sea takes away her tears and throws them ashore in the form of cooled golden drops - pieces of amber

MBOU secondary school No. 32 “Eureka-development”

Precious

stones

I've done the work Lygin Danil , 6th grade student

Project Manager:

Tikhonova Olga Viktorovna


Relevance

  • Minerals exist in nature, usually found in the form of crystals. And crystals are precious stones.
  • What are gems? What properties do they have? How and where are they currently used? These questions interested me, and I tried to find answers to them.

  • Exploring the role of gemstones in our lives

Hypothesis

I guess: not all people know how gemstones are used in our lives.

As a result of getting acquainted with my work, everyone will learn something new and interesting for themselves.


Gems

Gems in medicine

A gift of fate

Interesting Facts

Study

Conclusion

Reflection

sources


Gems

  • Precious stones are a magical creation of Nature. These are minerals that have a beautiful appearance
  • The extraction of precious stones was one of the most ancient crafts.
  • Since ancient times, people have highly valued the amazing properties of precious stones, attributing to them magical powers. Precious stones accompanied them everywhere as amulets and talismans. It was believed that the amulet protected its owner from evil, and the talisman brought good luck.

3 groups of stones:

Jewelry (precious)

Jewelry and ornaments

Ornamental stones


Precious stones in construction

Mausoleum of Itimad-ud-Daula

The mausoleum is located in the city of Agra in India. Precious stones and gold were used in the decoration of the building, both inside and outside.


Gems in medicine

Recently, scientists from Harvard have found a way to treat the human body using diamonds.

Many of you are familiar with this method - it is useful to wear your stone during the day near the sore spot.



Emeralds

Emerald is a 1st class gemstone. Large, defect-free emeralds of a dense tone weighing from 5 carats are valued more than diamonds.

The main qualities of emerald are its color and transparency. Natural emeralds almost always have cracks and splits.


Except Antarctica, they are found on all continents. Asian rubies are mainly valued.

The main ruby ​​exporting countries are Thailand and Sri Lanka. Rubies from East Africa, from countries such as Kenya and Tanzania, are also in demand.


Applications of rubies

This category I gemstone is used in expensive jewelry.

It is also used as “stones” in watch mechanisms.

The laser device uses synthetic rubies.


The most famous deposits are located in the countries: Russia, India,

USA, Australia, Thailand, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, China. In Russia there is no large deposits, in which sapphire can be mined on an industrial scale.

Blue transparent sapphires are used in jewelry in the form of cuts.


Alexandrites

The stone was first found in an emerald mine near Yekaterinburg in 1833, it was described as an emerald and sent to St. Petersburg. The properties of the new mineral were studied by Lev Alekseevich Perovsky. Confused by the increased hardness of the “emerald,” Perovsky also noted a change in color. However, taking advantage of the favorable moment to distinguish himself before the royal family, he presented the mineral to the coming of age of Alexander (the future Tsar Alexander II) on April 17, 1834.

The only primary deposit of alexandrites is the “Emerald Mines of the Urals” in Russia.



Pearl- a hard rounded formation extracted from the shells of some mollusks. Valued as a gemstone and used to make jewelry.

Pearls are classified by place of origin, i.e. they can be either sea or freshwater


Usually pearls have White color, sometimes creamy or

pink; There are also yellow, green, black and even blue pearls. Blue pearls are very rare and have a high value and appeal due to their rare, blue, lead-gray hue.


"Peregrina"

Pearls do not survive for more than 150-200 years (with the exception of cases when there is no access to air; during excavations, pearls were found in layers 2000 years ago). The oldest pearl whose history can be traced is the Peregrina, owned by Elizabeth Taylor.


Diamond is a rare, but at the same time quite widespread mineral. Industrial diamond deposits are known on all continents except Antarctica. Already several thousand years ago, diamonds were mined on an industrial scale from alluvial deposits. Only towards the end of the 19th century did it become clear that diamonds do not form in river sediments.


A gift of fate

A child is a precious stone - a gift from nature. Parents mine these stones, and the teacher, like a skilled jeweler, makes a diamond out of a diamond. Natural rough diamonds are unremarkable except for their unsurpassed hardness, and it is this hardness that makes cutting diamonds, like raising children, so difficult to this day. Of course, the first thing that attracts people and precious stones is their beauty.

The imagination of jewelers can be truly limitless. Likewise, a teacher, having imagination and creativity in stock, raises a person who is successful in life.

Jewelers highly value natural gemstones. Likewise, the teacher values ​​and supports the individual abilities of each child.


Interesting Facts

All gemstones are mined by hand.

A real emerald is more expensive than a diamond.

Ruby and sapphire are the same thing. The difference between these stones is only in color.

90% of all mined diamonds are used for industrial purposes and only 10% ends up on jewelry counters.

There is a "red emerald". This is an extremely rare mineral and is mined only in Utah (USA).


The largest diamond found was named "Cullinan". Its weight was 3106 carats (or 621g), and was presented to the English King Edward VII. During processing it was split into 105 parts.


Study

I conducted a survey to find out how much of the population knows the history of origin, deposits and the role of the significance of precious stones in human life. 110 people aged 13 years and older took part in the survey. .


The survey I conducted showed that not all people know the history of origin, deposits and the role of the significance of precious stones in human life.


Conclusion

Summing up the work on the project, we can say that precious stones are minerals that have such properties as beauty, durability, and rarity.

The tasks I set have been completed.


Reflection

While working on the project I learned:

  • Work with additional sources of information.
  • Draw conclusions based on the information I received.
  • I learned a lot of new and useful things about precious stones.
  • Do a survey.
  • Create presentations and electronic catalogue.
  • Evaluate and analyze your work and the work of your partners.
  • I enjoyed working on the project, I learned a lot of new and interesting things.

Bibliography

1. Anderson B. Definition of precious stones. - M.: Mir, 1983. - 456 p.

2. Vasiliev L.A., Belykh Z.P. Diamonds, their properties and applications. - M.: Nedra, 1983. - 101 p.

3. Kornilov N.I., Solodova Yu.P. Jewelry stones. - M.: Nedra, 1982. - 240 p.

4. Smith G. Precious stones. - M.: Mir, 1984. - 560 p.


Internet resources

  • http://www.jawahr-goldmagazine.com/userfiles/image/2-2010/hhh/00.png- gems slide 1 and 2
  • http://vinokurov.ucoz.ru/_ph/3/559883217.jpg- Mausoleum Itimad-ud-Daula slide 6
  • http://www.smolensk2.ru/images/img_26797.jpg- diamond slide 7
  • Slide 8:
  • http://cs9965.userapi.com/u81955157/-6/x_4f98b4c6.jpg- emerald
  • http://ivanovoivanovo.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0% B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg– ruby
  • http://lifeglobe.net/media/entry/597/02ae13f122c9_3.jpg- sapphire
  • http://www.lithotherapy.ru/img/aleksandrit/aleksandrit.jpghttp://www.lithotherapy.ru/img/aleksandrit/aleksandrit.jpg- alexandrite
  • http://www.unc.edu/~ksburton/lapidary/images/Pearl1.jpeg- pearls
  • http://img0.liveinternet.ru/images/attach/c/1/58/318/58318597_1272361268_starofafrica3.jpg- diamond
  • http://young.rzd.ru/dbmm/images/41/4080/4437837- slide 9 emerald
  • http://www.dragkamen.ru/images/izumrud4.jpg- slide 9 - ring with emerald
  • http://ru.wikipedia.org