The diagnostic value of urine testing allows the use of these methods to identify a large number of pathological conditions. In addition to general (clinical) and biochemical urine tests, for diagnostic purposes I use various special tests (for example, Zimnitsky, Nechiporenko) and bacteriological culture on the medium. Each sample helps to increase diagnostic accuracy, and is characterized by certain rules for the preparation and collection of urine for analysis. Let's consider the diagnostic value, normal indicators and rules for collecting various urine samples.

Nechiporenko test

The Nechiporenko test is used to determine the number of leukocytes, red blood cells and casts in the urine. This test is used if a large number of these blood elements are detected in a general urine test. If the result of the Nechiporenko test is within normal limits, then a “bad” result of a general urine test (for example, an increase in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells or casts) is unreliable, that is, there is no disease. The effectiveness of the therapy is also monitored using the Nechiporenko test. At the same time, in the case of healing and cessation of the inflammatory process, the Nechiporenko test indicators normalize.

Rules for collecting urine according to Nechiporenko
Urine for the Nechiporenko test is collected as follows: in the morning, you need to wash the perineum and external genitalia with warm water without using disinfectant solutions. Then sit comfortably over a bathtub or basin and release the first portion of morning urine. Hold urination and bring a sterile container to the urethra in which to collect a large number of urine (25-30 ml is enough). Release the remaining urine into a bathtub or basin. Thus, Nechiporenko’s sample is collected, like urine for general analysis - the average morning portion.

If it is necessary to obtain urine from the bladder without passing through the urethra, then resort to taking a sample using a catheter. The collected urine must be delivered to the laboratory as soon as possible, since the analysis must be carried out within 2 hours.

Nechiporenko sample standards
Next, the number of red blood cells, leukocytes and cylinders in the Goryaev chamber is counted, and the result is expressed in units per 1 ml of urine. Normally, in a healthy person, the number of leukocytes does not exceed 2000 per 1 ml, erythrocytes - 1000 per 1 ml, and cylinders - 20 per 1 ml.

Decoding the results of the Nechiporenko test
An increase in the number of leukocytes, erythrocytes and casts in the Nechiporenko test, as a rule, indicates kidney pathology. The reasons for the high content of Nechiporenko test indicators are presented in the table.

Sample indicator Nechiporenko	Reasons for the increase
Leukocytes (increase more than 2000 in 1 ml)	Cystitis (inflammation of the bladder) Kidney infarction Inflammation of the prostate gland
Red blood cells (increase more than 1000 in 1 ml)	Glomerulonephritis (acute and chronic) Kidney stone disease Tumor pathologies localized in the kidneys and urinary structures
Cylinders (increase more than 20 in 1 ml)	Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Kidney damage from poisons (for example, phosphorus, lead compounds, phenols) Kidney amyloidosis Nephronecrosis Poor circulation in the renal tubules due to hypertension or renal artery thrombosis Nephronecrosis

Examples of a normal Zimnitsky test and a test of a patient with renal failure
An example of a normal Zimnitsky test.

The daily volume of urine is 1480 ml, daytime - 980 ml, night - 500 ml.

An example of the Zimnitsky test for renal failure.

The daily volume of urine is 1060 ml, daytime – 450 ml, nighttime – 610 ml.

Sulkowicz test

The Sulkowicz test is a rapid test that detects the level of calcium in the urine. This method is used to correct and select dosages of vitamin D. The Sulkovich test is most often performed on children who receive vitamin D in order to monitor the level of calcium excretion and prevent overdose.

Sulkovich's test is carried out as follows: urine is mixed with Sulkovich's reagent, as a result of which cloudiness of varying severity may form. Recording the results and assessing the degree of turbidity is based on a semi-quantitative method. Variants of the result of the Sulkovich test are reflected in the table.

As can be seen from the table, the Sulkovich test can only act as an indicative analysis, the result of which does not provide accurate data on calcium concentration. Therefore, if severe turbidity is detected in the Sulkovich test, it is necessary to undergo a biochemical urine test to determine the calcium concentration using modern and accurate methods.

The Sulkovich test norm for children is “+” (slight turbidity) or “++” (moderate turbidity). The absence of turbidity in the urine sample (“–”) indicates a possible lack of vitamin D or a malfunction of the parathyroid glands. Severe turbidity (“+++”) and very severe turbidity (“++++”) can be detected with increased function of the parathyroid glands or with an overdose of vitamin D.

For the Sulkowicz test, you need to collect your baby's morning urine before you start feeding him. Since it is quite difficult to collect daily urine from a child, morning urine is used for the Sulkovich test.

Bacteriological examination of urine for sterility

If bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine) is detected, which is not accompanied by clinical symptoms, or in case of unsuccessful attempts to establish the infectious focus, they resort to bacteriological examination of urine.

Bacteriological testing may be performed to assess the sterility of urine, or to identify a specific pathogenic microorganism and its sensitivity to antibiotics.

Normal urine is sterile, but as it passes through the urethra, it washes away microorganisms living on the walls of the urethra and becomes “contaminated.” Along with normal flora, urine can become “contaminated” with pathogenic microbes, which cause an infectious-inflammatory process in the organs of the urinary system. A bacteriological test for sterility makes it possible to determine the degree of contamination of urine by microbes, the level of which can be used to judge the presence or absence of pathogenic microorganisms that cause infectious inflammation.

Rules for collecting urine for bacteriological culture for sterility
For bacteriological examination of urine for sterility, only 5-7 ml of an average portion of morning urine, collected on an empty stomach after thoroughly washing the perineum with warm water, is sufficient. Urine is sown on special nutrient media using the sector method, which makes it possible to distinguish between contamination by normal flora of the urethra and an infectious disease in the organs of the urinary system. The result of the analysis evaluates the number of grown colony-forming elements (CFE) of microorganisms. The table shows options for the result of a bacteriological examination of urine for sterility.

Interpretation of the results of bacteriological culture of urine for sterility

The detection of a large number of CFU of the same microorganism indicates an acute course of the infectious-inflammatory process. If a large number of CFU are formed by different microbes, then the infectious disease is chronic.

If chronic infectious inflammation is detected, bacteriological examination of urine is used to determine the specific type of microorganism that caused the pathological process. In this case, urine is sown on special media, conditions for growth are created for the pathogen, and then identified. Duration diagnostics completely pays off with the subsequent targeted precision of antibacterial therapy, which will completely cure a chronic infectious disease.

Today there are many research methods, but we should not neglect reliable and well-proven tests that can reduce the time and cost of examination. Urine samples have high diagnostic value, but are not completely universal, so their results should be interpreted taking into account the clinical picture and objective data. However, the simplicity and efficiency of urine tests allows them to be used very widely, including for screening examinations of large groups of people.

A general urine test cannot always provide complete information about the patient’s health, the functioning of the kidneys and urinary system. The lack of additional information and a complete picture complicates the diagnosis process. In this case, he prescribes additional laboratory tests, one of which is a urine sample according to Zimnitsky. Such an examination is carried out in some cases, and in order to obtain reliable information, you should adhere to all recommendations when taking a sample.

Urinalysis according to Zimnitsky is a laboratory test of biological material that allows you to assess the functioning of the kidneys. In particular, the test makes it possible to determine the density, volume and distribution of urine during the day. Opportunity to get so much useful information allows you to accurately diagnose and select the most effective treatment.

Indications for performing a urine sample according to Zimnitsky:

• Suspicion of chronic or.
• or suspicion of its presence.
• Presence of signs.
• Hypertonic disease.

How to collect urine for analysis according to Zimnitsky

To obtain the necessary information, it is important to correctly collect the analysis, which needs to be done within 24 hours. To collect biological material, it is worth preparing in advance 8 sterile jars (this is exactly how many portions of urine need to be collected and taken to the laboratory), an alarm clock (the collection of material should be carried out according to time), a notepad and a pen (to record the amount of fluid entering the body - this will allow you to evaluate the difference between the entry and exit of water).

To collect urine at 6.00 it is worth emptying bladder, but there is no need to collect urine. Then you should go to the toilet every three hours, starting at 9.00, collecting urine in sterile containers. After collecting the material, the jars should be tightly closed and stored in a cool place.

After collecting the last urine (at 6:00 the next day), you should take all containers to the laboratory for testing. It is important not to forget to give a piece of paper with records of the liquid you drank.

Decoding a urine sample according to Zimnitsky

Urine samples according to Zimnitsky allow you to determine the concentration of dissolved substances, which is reflected in its color, odor and density.

Normal indicators:

• Daily volume – 1500-2000 ml.
• The ratio of fluid consumed and excreted should be 60-80%.
• Daytime urine output is 2/3 of the total amount, at night - 1/3.
• The density of urine in one container is 1020 g/l, and in all containers average– 1035 g/l.

Deviation of urine density from the norm.
Hyposthenuria– reduced urine density (less than 1012 g/l) is diagnosed in the presence of the following pathological conditions: renal failure, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, hydronephrosis, heart failure.

Hypersthenuria– excessively high density of urine, which exceeds 1035 g/l. This condition is observed in diabetes mellitus, acute glomerulonephritis or its chronic form, during toxicosis of a pregnant woman.

Deviation from the norm in the volume of daily urine.
Polyuria– the volume of fluid released exceeds 2000 ml or is more than 80% of daily intake. This is observed in type 1 or type 2 diabetes, as well as in renal failure.

Olinuria– insufficient volume of urine excreted per day (less than 1500 ml) or less than 60% in relation to fluid intake. This pathology is observed in heart failure and renal dysfunction.

Nocturia– greater urine output at night, which occurs when the concentrating ability of the kidneys is impaired or if there are problems with the functioning of the heart muscle.

Conducting a urine test according to Zimnitsky allows you to correctly diagnose and determine the disease. Proper preparation and correct collection of biological material allows you to obtain reliable information about the patient’s health status.

Urinalysis according to Zimnitsky is a simple test necessary to obtain a clearer picture of kidney functionality.

Thanks to the results of this analysis, a specialist can accurately determine their ability to retain urine and remove it from the body. When carrying out the study, the density and entire volume of fluid removed from the body over 24 hours is taken into account. A urine test according to Zimnitsky is done if there is a fear of the development of an inflammatory process in the kidneys or renal failure.

The Zimnitsky test is a simple urine test, the essence of which is to examine the daily sampling of material. Despite the simplicity of the technique, urine analysis according to Zimnitsky is quite informative, since it allows you to qualitatively assess the functional state of the kidneys. This research method is effective in cases where a general urine test has not given the desired results.

The standard of analysis is the complete absence of protein and sugar in the urine. If they are detected, we can talk about the presence of an inflammatory process or other diseases of the urinary system.

The main task of the kidneys is to constantly remove excess substances from the human blood and at the same time retain the necessary components, ensuring a constant composition of the blood.

1. Urine formation consists of the following stages:
2. Filtration, in which blood plasma is passed through a membrane, and other blood elements are retained. During the filtration process, primary urine appears and enters the renal tubules.

Reverse absorption, in which glucose and other nutrients are removed through the tissues. In this case, the salts enter back into the bloodstream, resulting in secondary urine that flows through the pelvis into the urinary tubules and bladder.

Urine has its own density, determined by the amount of organic elements that dissolve in it. A normal specific gravity of urine is considered to be in the range of 1.004-1.032, which is confirmed by a daily urine test. The material examination technique makes it possible to determine the regulation of specific gravity over a 24-hour period.

1. The Zimnitsky test can be correctly passed only if the following preparation requirements are met:
2. The usual organization of food and drink consumption for the patient under study. Excessive drinking should be avoided.
3. Refusal of foods that color urine (beets, carrots). Before taking a urine test according to Zimnitsky, it is necessary to exclude all spicy and salty foods that increase the feeling of thirst.
4. Immediately before taking a urine test, the patient is recommended to intensively wash the external genitalia. It is necessary to carefully wash your hands with soap and wash your genitals from front to back to prevent infection by pathogenic organisms.
5. Store collected urine for no more than 2 hours to avoid damage to its components.
6. For analysis, it is necessary to use average urine in a volume of at least 70 ml in order to be able to more accurately determine the density of the sample.

If these collection rules are not followed, there is an unnatural increase in the volume of excreted urine and a reduction in its specific gravity. In this regard, decoding the result of urine collection will be characterized by erroneous interpretation.

Conducting a urine test according to Zimnitsky

Urine collection for the Zimnitsky test is done at specific hours, since this is how daily analysis occurs. To properly collect the required material you need:

• 8 special containers for urine, on which it is necessary to indicate the person’s initials and the time of collection of the material;
• alarm clock or mobile phone (material collection is carried out at a specific time);
• a book for recording the daily fluid consumed by the patient (including soups, tea, etc.).

The procedure for collecting urine according to Zimnitsky includes the implementation of certain rules and actions. Thus, material for analysis is collected 24 hours (24 hours), including night.

At 6 am on the first day of collection, you need to empty your bladder. The first urine is not collected before the examination, but is poured into the toilet. The following rules are considered necessary to comply with:

1. Throughout the day, you need to empty yourself into pre-prepared containers every 3 hours.
2. You need to empty your bladder at 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 03, 06 hours.
3. The collected material should be stored in the cold, closed.
4. The next morning, all collected material must be submitted to the laboratory for examination and additionally provide records of the daily fluid consumed.

If after 3 hours the patient is unable to collect urine due to lack of urge, then the collection container remains empty. And if the container is filled before the required period of time is completed, then you need to use an additional container.

Analyzing the data obtained during the study plays a huge role in making the correct diagnosis. Daily analysis of the Zimnitsky test helps to examine the volume, relative density, as well as the amount of salt (sodium chloride) and uric acid contained. The total amount of urine excreted over 24 hours is about 65-75%.

Normal urine sample indicators according to Zimnitsky:

• dominance of the amount of urine excreted during the daytime over the nighttime (2/3 of the total volume should be daytime urine);
• the range of variations in urine density over a period of 24 hours reaches 1.013-1.025;
• increased urine volume after drinking fluids;
• removal of 80% of the liquid consumed during the day from the body along with urine.

The sample is interpreted exclusively by a specialist who can make a conclusion about the inflammatory process in the kidneys. In this case, the doctor takes into account the results of other examinations and the presence of specific signs.

In children, the data and normal values ​​are slightly lower than those in adults due to low susceptibility to reabsorption.

Deviations of results from the norm

If any abnormalities occur in the Zimnitsky test, the patient should think about a complete diagnosis of the kidneys, since if there are abnormalities in their functioning, a daily urine test may reveal deviations from normal values.

1. Reduced urine density, when in all containers with urine collected per day, the specific gravity rate drops below 1.012. Such a low specific gravity indicates a malfunction of the kidneys, i.e. in the ability to retain and excrete urine. A decrease in density can be facilitated by the use of diuretic drugs and the presence of diseases such as:

• renal failure, which can occur due to poor treatment of pyelonephritis and other kidney pathologies;
• pyelonephritis in the acute stage of its course;
• heart failure;
• long-term compliance by patients with a salt-free and protein-free diet.

2. Increased density of urine, which may be due to the ingress of elements with increased specific gravity (protein, glucose). An increased rate of the indicator is typical for patients with diseases such as:

• diabetes mellitus (is the main factor in detecting sugar in the urine);
• glomerulonephritis (as the disease develops, large blood elements (proteins, cells) enter the urine);
• toxicosis in women during pregnancy.

3. The predominance of nighttime urination over daytime urination may indicate the presence of heart complications in the patient. When daytime and nighttime urine output is equalized in a ratio of 1/2:1/2, we may be talking about impaired renal function and concentrated fluid.

4. An increase in diuresis to 2 liters during the day or more may indicate the development of diabetes or renal failure in the patient.

5. A decrease in diuresis of less than 65% of the volume of fluid consumed may occur due to:

• severe restriction of fluid intake;
• excessive sweating of the patient;
• development of pyelonephritis;
• development of glomerulonephritis.

It should be noted that a woman’s kidneys work harder during pregnancy. Through them, her metabolic substances and fetal substances are removed from the body. In addition, the uterus of a pregnant woman quickly enlarges, which leads to disruption of the usual location of the kidneys and their compression. Therefore, during pregnancy, it is especially important to ensure that the genitourinary system works without deviations. The consequences of disruption of the urinary system can pose a serious threat to the expectant mother and her child.

Analysis or sample according to Zimnitsky is an additional laboratory test of urine, it is quite informative and is often used in diagnosing kidney function.

The Zimnitsky test determines the degree to which the kidneys are able to excrete and concentrate urine. This is a complex regulatory mechanism that maintains the vital balance of the fluid environment in the body. If a significant amount of fluid enters the body, the kidneys excrete more urine with a lower specific gravity. If there is little fluid in the body, then concentrated urine is released, which maintains the constancy of the indicators of its liquid media.

Urine analysis according to Zimnitsky reveals:

• Total urine volume, or daily diuresis;
• Daytime diuresis- the ratio of fluid entering the body and urine excreted (for 12 hours);
• Nocturnal diuresis(in 12 hours);
• Specific gravity(concentration, or density of solutes) of urine in each void.

Urine density depends on the amount of fluid passing through the kidneys and the quality of their concentration function. This indicator is unstable and can change during the day. In the morning, urine is denser than during the day, since more water and other liquids are consumed during the day.

Another indicator is daily diuresis, indicates the total amount of urine excreted by the kidneys per day. This is a very important characteristic by which one can judge the presence of problems in the excretory and cardiovascular systems. With habitual fluid intake, daily diuresis indicators differ depending on the gender and age of the patient. Significant changes in the indicator towards its increase or decrease indicate problems with the kidneys or heart in the body.

How to properly collect urine

Urine collection according to Zimnitsky carried out throughout the day, at clearly designated hours.

Before each urination for analysis, the patient must perform hygiene procedure external genitalia.

There are no restrictions on drinking and eating habits during urine collection. It is collected in 8 clean jars, ranging from 200 to 500 ml. The patient keeps a record of the water and fluids he drinks throughout the day.

Urine collection is carried out by the hour:

• 6:00 - the first urination, which does not need to be collected in a jar;
• 9:00 - first jar;
• 12:00 -second jar, etc. until the next morning;
• 6:00 the next day- the last jar.

Urine collection should be taken responsibly, without missing the appointed time. If urination does not occur at the appointed time, the jar is sent to the laboratory empty.

Decoding the analysis according to Zimnitsky

With a volume of liquid consumed of 1.5-2 liters, normal test values ​​according to Zimnitsky are considered:

• Diuresis per day- 1500-2000 ml;
• The relationship between daily diuresis and fluid entering the body - 65-80%;
• Daytime diuresis is significantly higher than nighttime(2/3 of the daily diuresis is taken up by daytime diuresis and 1/3 by night);
• Specific gravity of urine- not less than 1020;
• Notable volume fluctuations And urine density in different portions throughout the day.

For renal dysfunction Other indicators of the Zinitsky test are possible, the interpretation of which indicates certain pathologies:

• Nocturia- the volume of diuresis exceeds the volume of diuresis at night, over the volume of diuresis during the day (in case of heart failure, diabetes mellitus);
• Isohyposthenuria- instability of indicators of a.v. urine in all jars within 1009-1011; 1012-1016 (for renal pathologies);
• High level urine in all jars- more than 1028 (possibly with diabetes mellitus);
• Polyuria- each jar has a volume exceeding 200-300 ml (impaired kidney excretory function, endocrine pathologies);
• Oliguria- daily diuresis less than 500 ml (for renal and endocrine pathologies).

Deviation from normal values ​​in a urine sample according to Zimnitsky is a reason for further examination of the patient. This urine test can only be assessed in conjunction with other methods of examining the patient. Self-diagnosis and self-medication are a serious threat to health.

When we contact a therapist with any complaint, we understand that the doctor will definitely refer us for a standard examination of biological fluids. Routine blood and urine tests do not raise any questions. Regarding specialized tests, patients, as a rule, have a lot of doubts - whether this method of research is necessary, how to take the test and what it will show. Let's try to figure out the urine analysis according to Zimnitsky.

Urine analysis according to Zimnitsky

A referral for a urine test, where it says “Zimnitsky test” is considered the most indicative way to check the excretory function of the kidneys. Using this test, a nephrologist can assess how correctly the kidneys are working and whether the patient is in danger of serious complications in the form of renal failure, and also to assess the functionality of the kidneys at the time of exacerbations of chronic diseases.

Indications for use

This test is offered to patients as part of an examination for the following diseases:

• diabetes;
• glomerulonephritis;
• swelling during pregnancy;
• chronic pyelonephritis;
• hypertension.

The Zimnitsky test is taken not only from adults, but also from children if there is a suspicion that any pathologies in the child’s body can trigger the onset of renal failure.

In itself, taking urine tests according to Zimnitsky does not have any diagnostic value; thanks to the identified indicators, the doctor will be able to determine how and in what quantity urine is excreted from the patient’s body, how concentrated it is, how many toxins and various metabolic products are excreted from the patient’s body.

What does it show?

Urine analysis according to Zimnitsky is aimed at studying some important indicators:

1. Daily diuresis is the total amount of biological fluid excreted by the patient per day.
2. The ratio of fluid consumed to the amount excreted.
3. Urine density is an indicator that allows you to see how many different metabolic products are in the excreted urine.
4. Nocturnal diuresis.
5. Daytime diuresis.

In a person with excellent health, these indicators are within the established normal values. For example, the density of urine can vary from 1.003 to 1.035, which is directly dependent on the liquid food and water consumed during the day - with a larger volume of drink, the urine becomes less concentrated, and with a small intake of fluid into the body, the kidneys seem to retain what is necessary for healthy functioning water and produce more concentrated urine. That is why urine excreted in the morning is usually denser and is not collected for research.

Preparation for delivery

The Zimnitsky analysis is considered simple and does not require any special preparations. The only thing the patient should be armed with is 8 clean jars for collecting urine, a pencil and a piece of paper to record the volume of liquid consumed, and a clock by which he will determine when it is time to collect the test in the next container.

During the collection of the analysis, there is no need to introduce dietary or drinking restrictions. The patient must lead his normal lifestyle, the only restriction is that he should not drink more than usual, the volume of drink should not exceed 1.5-2 liters, including first courses, tea, coffee and intravenous infusions, if any.

Immediately before the test, patients should exclude from the diet foods that color urine - beets, rhubarb, and also avoid spicy, peppery or salty foods, which significantly increase thirst.

How to properly collect urine

Correctly collecting urine is a simple matter and at the same time quite troublesome, as it requires special care from the patient, since in no case should you confuse anything or give the laboratory technicians incorrect information about the liquid taken during the day. The accuracy of the analysis result depends on correctness and care.

On the morning of the test, the patient will have to get up early, at 6 a.m., empty his bladder and pour its contents into the toilet. The very first portion will not be required for analysis. From now on, it will be possible to visit the restroom strictly on an hourly basis - every three hours the patient will have to urinate in a jar designated for this time. The main thing is not to confuse anything. It turns out that you need to schedule a visit to the toilet at 9 am, noon, 3 pm, 6 pm, 9 pm, midnight, and then at 3 and 6 am.

Every time before visiting the toilet, you must wash your genitals with water and only then collect the urine. The contents of the jars must not be mixed under any circumstances!

Sometimes the patient never has the desire to urinate. In this case, the laboratory assistant should hand over 7 full jars and one empty jar, indicating the time at which the patient was unable to empty the bladder.

It happens that within three hours the patient needs to visit the restroom several times, especially during pregnancy. With this option, he should take the provided jar and collect the analysis in it. If it is overfilled, then you should ask the laboratory assistant for an additional container and indicate on it the number of the corresponding jar. We remember that apart from the first portion of urine, we don’t pour anything else into the toilet, everything needs to be returned!

Scheme for taking a urine test according to Zimnitsky

Decoding the results

In assessing the results, the doctor will not be interested in specific numbers, although they are also undoubtedly taken into account, but in their relationship with each other.

The norm is indicated in the table:

In addition to the above standards, the doctor evaluates wide fluctuations in the volume and density of the excreted fluid during the day. For example, in a jar of night urine the volume of liquid may be only 50 ml, while in the daytime the patient released 350 ml of urine. Density can vary from 1.010 to 1.025 g/l. Such fluctuations indicate good functioning of the excretory system.

Different categories of patients, be they pregnant women, children or adult men, have various, slightly different, options for urine analysis standards according to Zimnitsky, but they fit well into the reference values ​​indicated in the table. In any case, a nephrologist must interpret the test results.

Deviations from the norm

In case of noticeable anomalies in the results, the doctor may assume that the patient has certain pathologies in the urinary system. Of course, a specific diagnosis cannot be made solely on the basis of the Zimnitsky test; however, after receiving atypical test results, the doctor may suggest additional examinations to diagnose the disease.

The table contains the most common reasons for deviations from the norm:

Index	Deviation	What could this indicate?
Density	Below 1.010 g/l	Hyposthenuria: renal failure; exacerbation of pyelonephritis; heart failure; diabetes insipidus.
	Above 1.035 g/l in one of the servings	Hypersthenuria: diabetes; gestosis in pregnant women; glomerulonephritis; pathologies of the hematopoietic organs - sickle cell anemia, hemolysis.
Daily diuresis	Less than 1500 ml	Oliguria: heart failure; renal failure (late stages); insufficient fluid intake during the day; increased sweating; pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis.
	More than 2 liters per day	Polyuria: chronic renal failure; taking diuretics; diabetes insipidus; pyelonephritis; increased fluid intake.
The ratio of fluid consumed to urine excreted	Less than 65%	Heart failure; Preeclampsia.
The relationship between daytime and nighttime diuresis	Nocturnal diuresis is higher than daytime	Nocturia: heart failure; kidney pathologies; prostate adenoma in men; diabetes insipidus; cirrhosis of the liver; disorders in the functioning of the thyroid gland.

Thus, a fairly simple study of one of the biological fluids allows the doctor to make an assumption about any pathology in the functioning of various organs. However, it should be understood that even serious deviations from normal values ​​cannot give an accurate picture of a particular disease, since additional, more accurate examinations are necessary to make a diagnosis.