Electrical protective insulating means are designed to ensure the safety of operating personnel when performing work in existing electrical installations. Depending on the purpose and type, an electrical protective agent can provide both complete protection of a person from voltage and act as additional protection.

Electrical installations carry dangers such as the possibility of electric shock and the thermal effects of an electric arc. Every year, a number of accidents occur in electrical installations, most of which occur due to workers’ failure to comply with labor safety requirements, in particular, improper use of protective equipment when performing work. Therefore, it is very important to know and be able to correctly use electrical protective equipment when performing work on electrical equipment.

Let's consider the basic rules for using various protective equipment that are used in electrical installations.

Here are the basic rules for using electrical protective equipment, which apply to all protective equipment.

If it is necessary to work with one or another protective equipment, it is necessary, first of all, to check its suitability for use. Firstly, pay attention to appearance insulating agent. There should be no dirt or damage to the body, including the paintwork.

Each protective insulating device must be periodically tested for suitability for use in electrical installations. Therefore, before using a protective agent, it is necessary to check its expiration date - the date of the next test on a stamp of the established type.

If the electrical protective device is dirty, damaged, or has expired periodic testing, then such a protective device cannot be used, as this may result in electric shock to a person. Such a protective device must be removed from service to troubleshoot and test.

Electrical protective agents that are planned to be used provide their insulating properties only if they are dry. This feature must be taken into account when it is necessary to carry out work in open switchgears, avoiding the use of protective equipment that has been exposed to moisture (drizzle, rain, frost, snow). If it is necessary to perform work in conditions of moisture, electrical protective equipment specifically designed for this purpose must be used.

In addition, it is necessary to keep protective insulating materials in a clean condition. This is especially true for dielectric gloves, shoes and other protective equipment, which quickly become unusable if various aggressive liquids and lubricants come into contact with their rubber surface.

Electrical protective equipment above 1000 V with grip handles have restrictive rings. When performing work, it is necessary to take protective equipment by the handles no further than this restrictive ring. This is due to the fact that there is a permissible safe distance to live parts and the protective device is designed in such a way that its insulating part (the part that separates the working part from the handle) is of sufficient length to provide protection against electric shock.

It should also be noted that each electrical protective device is designed to operate at a certain voltage. The voltage class is indicated on the body of the protective device, but given value may differ from the voltage value from which the protective agent is actually capable of protecting a person. Therefore, when testing a protective device, indicate the voltage value up to which this product can be used.

Dielectric gloves serve as the main means of protection against electric shock in electrical installations up to 1000 V and as additional protection in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V.

Only completely dry dielectric gloves may be used. If the room where they are stored has a high level of humidity, then before performing work using gloves, they should be dried in the room at room temperature.

Before using gloves, in addition to external inspection and checking the date of the next test, it is necessary to check them for punctures. To do this, you need to start twisting them from the edge towards the fingers. In this case, the glove inflates a little and by pressing you can detect possible punctures through which air will escape.

Insulating pliers are used to replace fuses. When performing work on replacing fuses with voltage classes above 1000 V, in addition to insulating clamps, it is necessary to use dielectric gloves and safety glasses or masks as additional means of protection. In electrical installations up to 1000 V, you can use pliers or dielectric gloves together with glasses or masks to replace fuses.

Replacement of fuses must be carried out by first disconnecting the load. The exception is the fuses of those sections of the electrical network in which there are no switching devices through which the load can be removed.

Voltage indicators

Voltage indicators are used in electrical installations to check the presence or absence of voltage on live parts.

If the voltage indicator is equipped with a voltage class switch, then before using it you must ensure that the selected mode is correct.

If it is necessary to check the absence of voltage on live parts, you should first check the functionality of the voltage indicator used. The functionality of the indicator is checked on those live parts of the switchgear that are under operating voltage. Also, to check the functionality of voltage indicators above 1000 V, special devices designed to test indicators can be used.

Checking the presence of voltage or checking the functionality of the indicator must be carried out carefully to prevent overlap between phases or one of the phases on the equipment frame or other grounded metal structures of the switchgear.

When checking the absence of voltage, you should take into account the operating features of individual types of voltage indicators. If the voltage indicator is a pulse type, then it operates with some delay. Before using this or that type of voltage indicator, you must read the instructions for its use, which indicate the characteristic features relating to this or that voltage indicator.

When performing work in electrical installations above 1000 V as additional measure Voltage detectors can be used for safety purposes.

Voltage alarms are attached to the worker’s protective helmet or wrist and are triggered if a person approaches live parts that are energized. Voltage detectors should not be used as the primary means of checking for lack of voltage. For this purpose, it is necessary to use only voltage indicators.

If the voltage detector does not have built-in serviceability monitoring, then before starting work it must be checked in accordance with the established procedure in compliance with safety measures.

Insulating rods

Insulating rods, depending on the design, can be intended for: installing portable protective grounding, performing operations with switching devices, installing insulating pads, replacing fuses, and taking measurements.

Before using a particular rod, you must make sure that it can actually perform a particular operation. It is prohibited to use the barbell for work for which it is not intended.

Certain types of insulating rods must be grounded before use. Such rods cannot be used without grounding.

Insulating rods and voltage indicators for voltages above 1000 V can consist of several parts connected to each other by a threaded connection. Before using such electrical protective equipment, it is necessary to check the reliability of their threaded connections in order to avoid incidents during work.


Dielectric shoes - boots, galoshes

Dielectric boots and galoshes are designed to protect a person from electric shock in the area of ​​spreading ground fault currents - from the so-called step voltage. Dielectric shoes also serve as a protective device when it is necessary to ensure the isolation of a person from the ground (floor surface in a room); in this case, the shoes act as an alternative to a rubber dielectric carpet and an insulating stand.

Before use, dielectric shoes must be carefully inspected for punctures and visible damage. When using dielectric shoes, you must move carefully, avoiding punctures, which is especially important if you need to move in open areas. Damage to the surface of dielectric shoes can result in electric shock to a person, for example, in the area of ​​step voltage.

Before using a boot or galosh, it is imperative to check the stamp with the date of the next test, which should also indicate the voltage at which these protective equipment can isolate a person from the effects of current.

Tool with insulating pads

Hand tools with insulating handles (screwdrivers, pliers, side cutters, pliers, wrenches, etc.) serve as the main electrical protective equipment when performing work in electrical installations up to 1000 V without removing the voltage.

In electrical installations above 1000 V, hand tools with insulating handles do not provide safety when performing work, therefore, if it is necessary to perform work on, it must be disconnected from all sides from which voltage may be supplied, grounded, fences installed and other measures taken to avoid approach person at an unacceptable distance to equipment that is energized.

When carrying out work in electrical installations up to 1000 V without removing the voltage, in addition to tools with insulating handles, it is necessary to ensure that the person is insulated from the ground (floor surface) by using dielectric carpets, insulating stands or dielectric shoes. Depending on the nature of the work performed, it is necessary to use additional protective maxi or goggles.

Before using a hand tool, it is necessary to inspect it for damage to the insulating part - kinks, cracks, burrs. Hand tools with insulated handles, like other safety equipment, undergo periodic testing in an electrical laboratory, so before using them, it is also necessary to check the date of the next test.


Portable protective grounds

To protect a person from accidentally applied voltage, as well as the effects of induced voltage from some power lines, equipment is grounded - an electrical connection of live parts with grounded elements of the equipment, directly with the grounding circuit. Grounding is carried out using stationary grounding blades and portable protective grounds.

Stationary grounding knives are a structural element of disconnectors, certain types of cells, and chambers with equipment. Portable grounding is a protective measure that should be given Special attention. This protective device is installed manually or using built-in or removable rods for installing grounding connections.

Grounding is installed directly on live parts, which must first be disconnected and make sure that there is no voltage on them.

A lot of accidents happen because before installing grounding, the absence of voltage is not checked on all three phases. The fact is that switching devices, through which a section of equipment is disconnected (creating a visible break), can be switched off in half-phase, that is, one of the phases can remain energized, which subsequently, when installing grounding, leads to electric shock to a person.

As mentioned above, before checking the absence of voltage, it is necessary to check the functionality of the voltage indicator.

If we are talking about installing portable grounding on equipment above 1000 V, then it is imperative to use special rods, also using dielectric gloves. To ensure safety, installation of portable grounding connections must be carried out by two people; removal is permitted to be done individually.

If a particular section of the electrical network is grounded simultaneously by both stationary grounding and portable ones, then it is necessary to turn on the stationary grounding first so that the installation of portable grounding is safe.

Before using portable grounding connections, it is necessary to inspect them for the integrity of the conductors, clamps, and fastenings of the conductors to them. Minor, no more than 5%, damage to the cores is allowed.

In order for portable grounding to fully provide protective functions, it is necessary to correctly select its type, cross-section in accordance with the voltage class and operating currents of the electrical installation area in which the grounding is planned to be installed.

In addition to the protective equipment listed above, it is necessary to use personal protective equipment - overalls, shoes, and a protective helmet. Depending on local conditions and the nature of the work performed, it is necessary to use means of protection against the effects of various negative factors.

For example, in an area with a high level of influence of the electromagnetic field, it is necessary to use special protective clothing sets. When carrying out operational switching, use a special protective suit and shield that provides protection from the possible impact of an electric arc.

In conclusion, it should be noted that in addition to the knowledge and ability to correctly use protective equipment when performing work, it is very important to perform work correctly, thoughtfully, and carefully in order to avoid mistakes and the creation of dangerous situations. Protective equipment cannot provide absolute protection of a person from possible dangerous situations.

Incorrectly selected switching device, incorrectly performed operation and other errors can lead to accidents. Therefore, the issue of safety when carrying out work in electrical installations must be approached comprehensively, taking into account all possible nuances.

Protective equipment refers to means the use of which prevents or reduces the impact of hazardous and harmful production factors on workers.

Based on the nature of their application, they are divided into two categories: collective protective equipment and individual protective equipment (GOST 12.4.011-75).

Parts of the electrical installation structure (permanent fences, stationary grounding blades, etc.) that perform protective functions are not included in the protective equipment.

What are electrical protective agents and how are they classified?

Electrical protective equipment is portable and transportable products that serve to protect people working with electrical installations from electric shock, from exposure to an electric arc and electromagnetic field. They are divided into basic and additional.

What are electrical protective equipment?

Electrical protective equipment includes:

  • insulating rods (operational, for applying grounding, measuring), insulating clamps (for operations with fuses) and electrical measuring rods, voltage indicators, voltage indicators for phasing, etc.;
  • insulating devices and devices for repair work at voltages above 1000 V and plumbing tools with insulating handles for working in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V;
  • dielectric gloves, boots, galoshes, carpets, insulating pads and stands;
  • portable grounding;
  • protective devices and dielectric caps;
  • safety posters and signs.

In addition, you can use personal protective equipment: glasses, helmets, gas masks, mittens, safety belts and safety ropes.

What are the main electrical protective equipment?

The main means of protection are those whose insulation can withstand the operating voltage of the electrical installation for a long time and allows you to touch live parts that are energized. Basic protective equipment is tested by voltage, the value of which depends on the operating voltage of the electrical installation where they are used.

The main electrical protective equipment for working in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V include insulating rods, insulating and electrical clamps, voltage indicators, voltage indicators for phasing, insulating devices and devices for repair work (insulating ladders, platforms, rods, ropes, baskets of telescopic towers and etc.).

The main insulating protective equipment in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V are insulating rods, insulating and electrical clamps, dielectric gloves, plumbing tools with insulating handles and voltage indicators.

What are the requirements for materials for insulating parts of basic protective equipment?

The insulating parts of the main protective equipment must be made of electrical measuring materials with stable dielectric properties (porcelain, paper-bakelite pipes, ebonite, getinax, wood-laminated plastics, plastic and glass epoxy materials, etc.).

Materials that absorb moisture (paper-bakelite pipes, wood, etc.) must be coated with moisture-resistant varnish and have a smooth surface without cracks, delaminations or scratches.

What are additional electrical protective equipment?

Additional electrical protective means are those that complement the main means, and also serve to protect against touch voltage and step voltage, and by themselves cannot provide protection against electric shock at a given voltage, but are used in conjunction with the main electrical protective means.

Additional electrical protective equipment in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V include:

  • dielectric gloves;
  • dielectric boots;
  • dielectric mats;
  • individual shielding kits;
  • insulating supports and covers;
  • dielectric caps;
  • portable grounding;
  • fencing devices;
  • safety posters and signs.

Additional electrical protective equipment in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V include: dielectric galoshes; dielectric mats; portable grounding; insulating supports and covers; fencing devices; safety posters and signs.

How are electrical installations equipped with protective equipment?

Personnel servicing electrical installations must be equipped with protective equipment to ensure the safety of servicing these electrical installations.

Protective equipment should be located as inventory in switchgears and workshops of power plants, at substations, in transformer and distribution points of electrical networks, or may be included in the inventory of operational field teams, RMS, centralized repair teams, mobile laboratories, etc.

Inventory protective equipment is distributed between facilities, operational field teams, RMS, etc. in accordance with the operating system, local conditions and acquisition standards.

This distribution must be recorded in lists approved by the chief engineer of the enterprise.

Responsibility for the timely provision of electrical installations with tested protective equipment, the organization of proper storage and the creation of the necessary reserve, the timely conduct of periodic inspections and tests, the removal of unsuitable equipment, the replenishment of stock from the stock and the organization of accounting of protective equipment lies with the head of the workshop, service, substation, network section, and foreman. the area in charge of electrical installations or workplaces, and for the enterprise as a whole - the chief engineer.

Persons who have received protective equipment for individual use are responsible for their correct use and timely rejection.

If it is discovered that the protective equipment issued for a separate electrical installation is unsuitable, the maintenance personnel must immediately remove it, informing their immediate superior or the person responsible for the electrical equipment, and make an entry in the logbook for recording and maintaining the protective equipment or in operational documentation.

How should protective equipment be stored correctly?

Protective equipment in use and in reserve must be stored and transported under conditions that ensure their serviceability and suitability for use without preliminary repairs. Therefore, protective equipment must be protected from moisture, contamination and mechanical damage.

Protective equipment must be stored indoors.

Rubber protective equipment in use is stored in special cabinets, on racks, in boxes separately from the tools. They must be protected from oils, gasoline, substances that destroy rubber, as well as from sunlight and be kept away from heating devices.

Rubber protective equipment, as a reserve, is stored in a heated, dark, dry room at a temperature of 0-25 ° C.

Insulating rods should be stored in a vertical position, suspended^ or installed in risers, without touching the wall.

The rods can be stored horizontally. This eliminates the possibility of their deflection.

Insulating clamps are stored on special shelves so that they do not touch the walls.

Voltage indicators and current clamps must be in cases.

Special places for hanging (during storage) portable grounding connections are provided with numbers in accordance with the numbers on the portable grounding connections.

Gas masks are stored in dry rooms in special covers or cases.

Protective equipment in use is placed in specially designated areas, usually at the entrance to the premises, as well as on control panels.

In places where protective equipment is stored, it is necessary to have lists of protective equipment, as well as hooks or brackets for rods, clamps, portable grounding, posters and safety signs, lockers, racks for gloves, boots, galoshes, dielectric mats, caps, insulating pads and stands, mittens , safety belts and ropes, safety glasses, gas masks, voltage indicators, etc.

Electrical protective equipment must be stored in boxes, bags or cases.

Insulating means and devices for working under voltage should be kept in a dry, ventilated area; during transportation or temporary storage in the open air, they should be packed in covers. Before use, insulating devices and devices are wiped with a dry rag; they should not be allowed to become wet during operation. If they are damp, they are dried and subjected to extraordinary electrical tests.

How is the condition of protective equipment monitored and accounted for?

All electrical protective equipment and safety belts in use (with the exception of dielectric mats, stands, posters and safety signs, the numbering of which is not required) must be numbered. Numbering is established at power plants, electrical networks, substations separately for each type of protective equipment

If the protective equipment consists of several parts, a common number for it is placed on each part.

In the workshops of a power plant, at a substation, in a laboratory, at the sites of construction and installation organizations, it is necessary to keep a log of the accounting and maintenance of protective equipment, which indicates the name, inventory numbers, location, dates of periodic inspections and tests. Personal protective equipment is also registered in a journal indicating the date of issue and the signature of the person who received it.

During operation, protective equipment should be subjected to acceptance, periodic and thermal tests.

The results of electrical and mechanical tests are recorded in the journal of the testing laboratory. The form of the journal is not regulated.

Protective equipment that has passed the test (except for tools with insulated handles) is given a specially shaped stamp.

The stamp must be clearly visible. It is either knocked out, or applied with durable indelible paint, or glued to the insulating part near the thrust ring of insulating protective equipment (bars, indicators, pliers, devices and devices for live repairs) or at the edge of rubber products. If the protective agent consists of several parts, the stamp is placed on only one part. On protective equipment that is found to be unsuitable during periodic testing or in the intervals between tests, the stamp is crossed out crosswise with red paint.

What are the general rules for using protective equipment?

Insulating protective equipment must be used according to its intended purpose in electrical installations with a voltage no higher than that for which they are designed.

Basic electrical protective equipment is designed for use in closed or open switchgear and on overhead power lines only in dry weather.

Their use outdoors and in wet weather (rain, snow, fog, drizzle) is prohibited.

In open switchgear in wet weather, insulation means specially designed for operation in such conditions can be used.

The manufacture, testing and use of such protective equipment must be carried out in accordance with GOSTs, technical specifications and instructions.

Before each use of protective equipment, personnel must:

  • check serviceability and absence of external damage, clean and wipe off dust; check rubber gloves for punctures;
  • check with the stamp for what voltage the use of this product is permissible and whether the period for its periodic testing has expired.

The use of protective equipment whose testing period has expired is prohibited, as they are considered unsuitable.

What types of protective equipment testing are there?

After manufacturing, protective equipment is subjected to acceptance and type tests (GOST 16504-81).

Acceptance tests are control tests of finished products carried out by the manufacturer during acceptance control. Type tests are control tests of a product carried out after changes in design, formulation or manufacturing technology to assess its effectiveness and feasibility.

In operation, protective equipment is subjected to operational and extraordinary tests.

Periodic tests are control tests of products carried out periodically in the volumes and terms established in the relevant documentation.

Extraordinary tests are carried out after repairs, which may affect the basic electrical and mechanical characteristics of protective equipment. The scope of such tests is determined depending on the nature of the malfunction and the type of repair. Tests after repair are carried out according to acceptance testing standards.

What groups are posters divided into?

In accordance with their purpose, posters are divided into four groups: warning, prohibiting, prescriptive and indicative. Depending on the nature of their use, they can be permanent or portable.

Permanent posters are made from sheet metal, plastic materials, or by applying paint through a stencil to concrete or metal surfaces (cell doors, overhead line supports, etc.).

Portable posters are made from cardboard, plywood, plastics and other materials.

For outdoor switchgear, it is allowed to make portable posters with special devices (hook, clip, cord, etc.) for securing them at the installation site.

What is the purpose of warning posters?

Warning posters are intended for:

  • to warn about the danger of approaching live parts;
  • to prohibit work with switching devices, which, if switched on incorrectly, could supply voltage to equipment where people work;
  • to indicate a place prepared for work, to remind you of the safety measures taken.

Where are warning posters and signs used?

"Carefully! Electrical voltage". A permanent sign to warn of the danger of electric shock. Scope of application: in electrical installations with voltages up to and above 1000 V in power plants and substations. Reinforced on the outside entrance doors RU (except for the doors of switchgear and package transformer substations located in these installations); external doors of chambers of switches and transformers; fencing of live parts located in production premises; doors of panels and assemblies with voltage up to 1000 V.

“Stop! Voltage". A portable poster to warn about the danger of electric shock. It is used in electrical installations with voltages up to and above 1000 V in power plants and substations. In closed switchgear, live parts that are under operating voltage are hung on temporary fences (when the permanent fence is removed); on temporary barriers in passages where you should not enter; on permanent fences of cells adjacent to the workplace. "Trial. Life threatening". A portable poster to warn about the danger of electric shock when conducting tests at high voltage. Hang the poster outside on the equipment and fences of live parts when preparing the workplace for testing at high voltage.

“Don't interfere. Will kill". A portable poster to warn about the danger of climbing structures where it is possible to approach live parts that are energized. The poster is hung in the switchgear on structures adjacent to the one intended for lifting personnel to the workplace.

How are prohibition posters used?

“Don’t turn it on, people are working”. The poster is located on the control keys, as well as the handles or steering wheels of the drives of switches and disconnectors, which, if turned on incorrectly, can supply voltage to working people. A similar poster, but smaller in size, is used on switchboards and control panels. “Don’t open, people are working.” The poster is attached to the control valves of the air lines of switches and drives, which, if opened incorrectly, can release high-pressure air to the equipment where people work.

“Do not turn on, work on line”. This poster is used as a portable poster and is hung on control keys, as well as on the handles or steering wheels of drives of linear switches and disconnectors, which, if turned on incorrectly, can supply voltage to the line where people work.

A similar poster, but smaller in size, is used on switchboards and control panels.

Where are the warning signs posted?

"Work here". The poster is portable and is hung in the control room at the work site, as well as in the outdoor control room in the place where personnel must enter the space fenced off with a rope (when working at ground level).

A similar poster, but smaller in size, is used on control panels when working on panels.

"Getting in here". The poster is portable and hung on the outdoor switchgear structure, which ensures safe lifting of personnel to the work site.

Where are signposts used?

"Grounded". The poster is used as a portable one and is hung on control keys, as well as on the handles or steering wheels of disconnectors, which, if switched on incorrectly, can supply voltage to the grounded section of the circuit.

Summer, warmth, water, green grass... Hurray! You can bask in the sun for a long, long time. Stop! Have you forgotten anything? What about sunscreen? Who doesn’t know that the skin needs to be protected from ultraviolet radiation to keep it young and beautiful? Of course, everyone knows about this! But for some reason, some stubbornly do not follow the simplest rules of care. Sometimes a person literally burns, turning into a black mark, but stubbornly refuses to take care of his skin. Why treat yourself like this?! We won’t do that to you, will we?

I'm lying in the sun…

It's so nice to soak up the sun! It's a real pleasure. The main thing is not to get burned, so you will need a special sunscreen.

Very popular cream. They have a dense and rich structure, ideal for those with flaking or dry skin.

Easier means foam, mousse, milk, gel. They are perfectly distributed throughout the body and are absorbed faster without leaving any stickiness.
There are also liquid forms - lotions, emulsions. They are most often produced in the form of sprays, so they are very easy and quick to apply.

Let's filter out the unnecessary!

Ultraviolet rays can be divided into 3 types - UVA, UVB, UVC. Ultraviolet WITH absorbed by the ozone layer and A And IN affects our skin. Thanks to small doses of UVB, a tan appears, but if the dose is large, burns appear. - a more insidious enemy. Without leaving obvious traces, these rays penetrate the skin and after some time can provoke the appearance of freckles, age spots, call premature aging skin, making it dry and rough.

I think you are well aware of the abbreviation SPF (Sun Protection Factor). You see it all the time on sunscreen labels. It indicates the effectiveness of the product and tells you how much time you can spend in the sun without fear. negative consequences. The higher this indicator, the higher the protection. The skin usually turns red after just 10 minutes in the sun. If you use a cream with SPF 15, the time you can safely enjoy the sun will increase. 15 times!

The degree of protection can be:

Low (SPF 2-5),
medium (SPF 6-11),
high (SPF 12-19),
very high (SPF 20 and above).

In addition to the SPF value, the sunscreen packaging may also indicate “UVA+UVB”, “UVA/UVB” protection. This means that this product has a wide spectrum of protection, simultaneously neutralizing rays A and B.

How to choose a good sunscreen?

1. Choose protection from rays A and B. Study the composition of the product. Zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and avobenzone, which is also designated as Parsol 1789, work effectively. Titanium and zinc in the cream also provide protection against rays A and B.

2. Give preference to products containing beneficial additives and antioxidants. They will relieve stress after sunbathing and prevent photoaging of the skin.

3. When choosing a product, consider your skin type.

Type I– very light and sensitive skin, blond or red hair. In the first days of tanning, use the product SPF 40+, then - SPF 30.

Type II– fair skin, blond or red hair. The first days – SPF 30, then – SPF 15.

III type– the most common (fairly fair skin, chestnut or Brown hair). First days - SPF 15, Then - SPF 8-10.

IV type- dark skin, black hair. Although such skin does not burn or cause problems, it still needs to be protected from photoaging. For this purpose, products that are marked “for dark skin” are suitable. Use SPF 6-8.

4. If you are going not only to sunbathe, but also to swim – buy waterproof product.

Points to remember

Do you want maximum UV protection? Then don’t just choose a good protective agent, but also use it correctly.

So, a few rules.

1. Apply sunscreen 20-30 minutes before going out into the sun. It should have time to be absorbed.

2. Apply sunscreen over your entire body. If you yourself cannot reach some places, for example, your back, ask your friends to anoint you. Do not deprive your ears, forehead, neck, feet, hands of your attention. They also really need protection! There is an opinion that sunscreen should not be applied to the area around the eyes. This is a terrible mistake! These areas are especially tender and sensitive. There are products specifically designed for them.


3. Don't rub sunscreen into your skin! They must remain on its surface, absorbing or reflecting the sun's rays.

4. Do not expect that by applying the cream once, you will provide yourself with round-the-clock protection. No and no again! If you are concerned about your skin while sunbathing, apply it every hour.

5. Please note that if you reapply the product, the reliability of its protection will increase, but the total time of safe exposure to the sun will not extend! Don’t think that you can spend the whole day in the sun without consequences if you apply cream every hour.

6. For some reason, some people believe that if they are already quite tanned, they can stay in the sun for a long time without additional protection. The protective power of a tan is limited, especially if you have very fair skin. It does not produce enough melanin for protection.

Skin needs protection at any time of the year, especially in summer. Sunscreens are selected individually for each skin type. If you apply sunscreen correctly, you will get an even beautiful tan– the kind you dream of! And at the same time maintain healthy skin. Everything is as simple as two and two!
Wishing you gentle sunshine and an even tan!

Photo: jenskiimir.ru, al-tan.ru, grekomania.ru.

The use of insulating protective equipment should be carried out only for their intended purpose in electrical installations with a voltage not higher than that for which the protective equipment is designed. All basic insulating protective equipment is designed for use in open or closed electrical installations only in dry weather. Therefore, the use of these protective equipment outdoors in wet weather (rain, snow, fog) is prohibited.

Before each use of protective equipment, the electrician must:

Check its serviceability and absence of external damage, clean and wipe off dust; Check rubber gloves, boots, galoshes for punctures, cracks, bubbles and other foreign inclusions. If a malfunction is detected, the protective agent must be immediately removed from use.

Check the stamp to see for what voltage the product can be used and whether its last check has expired. It is prohibited to use protective equipment whose testing period has expired, since such equipment is considered faulty.

    1. Requirements for certain types of protective equipment and rules for their use.

      1. Dielectric gloves.

For work in electrical installations, it is allowed to use only dielectric gloves made in accordance with the requirements of GOSTs or technical specifications. Gloves intended for other purposes (chemical and other) are prohibited from being used as protective equipment when working in electrical installations.

Dielectric gloves issued for servicing electrical installations must come in several sizes. The length of the glove must be at least 350 mm. Gloves should be worn to the full depth of your hands. It is not allowed to roll up the edges of gloves or lower the sleeves of clothing over them. When working outdoors in winter, dielectric gloves are worn over woolen ones. Each time before use, gloves must be checked for leaks by filling them with air.

      1. Dielectric boots and galoshes.

Dielectric boots and galoshes, in addition to serving as an additional protective device, are a protective device against step voltage in electrical installations of any voltage.

For use in electrical installations, only dielectric boots and galoshes made in accordance with the requirements of GOST are allowed. They should differ in appearance from boots and galoshes intended for other purposes. Each boot, each overshoe must have the following inscriptions: manufacturer, date of manufacture, quality control mark, test voltage and test date.

Boots and galoshes issued for servicing electrical installations must be of several sizes.

      1. Dielectric mats.

Dielectric mats are allowed as an additional protective device in closed electrical installations of any voltage during operations with drives of disconnectors, switches and ballasts. Dielectric mats are an insulating agent only when dry. In damp rooms with heavy dust deposits, insulating supports should be used instead of rugs.

Dielectric mats must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of GOST standards with a size of at least 50x50 cm. The upper surface of the mat must be corrugated.

The effect of electric current on a person is life-threatening. To create the safety of personnel working with electrical installations, various personal protective equipment is used. They are devices, devices, parts of devices that protect a worker from electric shock, exposure to high-tension electromagnetic radiation fields, and from an electric arc.

Insulating personal protective equipment is divided into types:

  • Basic. They can withstand long-term exposure to voltage, so it is advisable to use them when performing electrical installation work without de-energizing devices from the network.
  • Additional. Such protection is not able to fully protect a person from the effects of electric current, and therefore such means are used in conjunction with the main ones.

Let's consider what is included in these types of protective equipment, the requirements for them and the features of application.

Basic

Basic personal protective equipment includes:

  • Voltage indicators.
  • Insulating rods.
  • Isolated tool.
  • Electrical clamps.
  • Dielectric gloves.
  • Portable grounding.
  • Isolating devices.
  • Shielding kits.

Additional

Such protections include:

  • Dielectric boots or galoshes.
  • Insulating pads and supports.
  • Dielectric mats.
  • Dielectric caps.
  • Voltage alarms.

Let's take a closer look at the basic personal protective equipment most often used in electrical installation work.

Dielectric gloves

These personal protective equipment protect the worker from electric shock during work up to 1 kV, and is the main one. When working above 1 kV, dielectric gloves are an additional means.

Only dry gloves are allowed for use. If storing them in a damp place, the gloves should be dried before use. Before use, gloves should be inspected, the test date and tightness should be checked. To check the tightness of the gloves, you need to take the glove and start twisting it, as shown in the figure. The glove is inflated, and if there is damage, this is easily detected by the release of air from it.

Insulating pliers

Such personal protective equipment is used when performing work to replace fuses. When working with voltages above 1 kV, additional protective equipment must be used together with insulated clamps: rubber dielectric gloves and a protective mask.

With voltages up to 1 kV, replacing fuses does not require the use of additional protective equipment. At this voltage (up to 1000 V), fuses can be changed without pliers, only with the help of gloves and safety glasses. If there are switches or other switching devices, before replacing the fuse links, it is necessary to de-energize the load circuit.

Clamp meter

Such an instrument makes it possible to measure current, resistance and voltage in a circuit. They are designed to work indoors and outdoors in dry weather.

When measuring parameters, the operation of the circuit does not change and the circuit does not break. Depending on the parameters being measured, electrical clamps come in different types:

  • Phase meters.
  • Voltmeters.
  • Ampere-voltmeters.
  • Wattmeters.

This tool can be used in electrical installations up to 10 kV. Clamp meters can be used to measure the network load, the power of various devices, check the operation of energy meters, and determine network parameters.

Voltage indicators

In electrical devices, voltage indicators are used to monitor the voltage on equipment elements. If the pointer is equipped with a voltage switch, you must set it to the correct mode before using it.

Before using a pointer, the first step is to verify its functionality. To do this, its action is first checked on live parts that are known to be under operating voltage. Another way to check the operation of the pointer is to use special control devices that are used to test such pointers.

Voltage control or the operability of the device must be performed with extreme care, avoiding a short circuit between phases or a short circuit to the housing connected to the ground loop.

When using a pointer, it is necessary to take into account the design features of certain types of pointers. So, for example, a pulse type indicator will operate with a certain delay. In order to use control devices correctly, you need to familiarize yourself with its passport and instructions for use, which should indicate the specific features that relate to different types voltage indicators.

In electrical installations with voltages over 1 kV, it is recommended to use auxiliary safety measures in the form of voltage alarms, which are fixed on the worker’s wrist or protective helmet, and are triggered when approaching live elements connected to voltage.

Voltage detectors must not be used instead of the main means for monitoring the presence of voltage. The voltage detector is also checked for serviceability in the prescribed manner before operation.

Insulating rods

Insulating rods can be used for:

  • Carrying out measurements.
  • Replacement of safety inserts.
  • Installation of insulating linings.
  • Operations with switching devices.
  • Installation of protective portable grounding.

Before using the rod, you should make sure that it is in good condition, has no mechanical damage, and is capable of performing the upcoming operation. Do not use the boom for work not intended for it.

1 - Head with sliding jaws for gripping fuses
2 - Finger for operations with single-pole disconnectors
3 - Working part
4 - Insulating part
5 - Handle

Some types of booms must be grounded before use. Without the use of grounding, the use of such rods is prohibited.

Voltage indicators and insulating rods for work with voltages greater than 1 kV may include several components that are connected to each other by threaded elements. Therefore, before using such protective equipment, you should check the tightening of the threaded connections of the indicator parts.

Dielectric galoshes and boots

To prevent electric shock to a worker in the area of ​​a ground fault, dielectric boots or galoshes are used. Safety footwear is also designed to isolate the worker from the ground or floor surface of a building, in place of a dielectric rubber mat or stand.

Before using dielectric shoes, they must be thoroughly checked for punctures and mechanical damage. When wearing safety shoes, you should move with care to avoid punctures in the soles. If damaged rubber shoes There is a danger of electric shock (step voltage) to the worker.

On the outside, galoshes or boots must have a stamp with the test date and the permissible voltage at which the boots can protect the worker.

Dielectric mats

Such personal protective equipment is used to isolate the worker from the surface of the ground or floor in enclosed spaces.

For the manufacture of dielectric mats it is used special type rubber. It contains styrene and isoprene synthetic rubbers. The rubber composition should not contain components that conduct electric current. Such a component can be graphite or carbon.

The standard design of the dielectric mat has a corrugated surface with longitudinal stripes. This makes it possible to increase the coefficient of friction and reduce shoe slipping.

Rubber mats have increased wear resistance, as well as resistance to alkali and acids, and synthetic substances. Their main quality is the ability to prevent electric shock to a worker.

Rubber carpets are mainly used in electrical installations above 1 kV as additional remedy protection. The quality of the rug is determined visually. There should be no cracks, foreign bodies, cavities or holes on the front part. These products must be tested to 20 kV. The maximum amount of current leakage allowed is no more than 160 mA per m 2.

It is recommended to inspect rubber mats twice a year, regardless of its age. It is recommended to store mats at a temperature of 0-30 degrees. A distance of at least 1 meter is required from heating devices. If the mats are stored at sub-zero temperatures, the temperature should not be less than -25 degrees.

Isolation stands

Stands made of dielectric material prevent worker contact with the surface of the floor or ground in enclosed spaces. Such stands are used when grounding or grounding cannot be performed, or when high safety requirements are imposed.

The insulating stand is made in the form of a wooden flooring mounted on porcelain insulators with a height of at least 5 cm when working with any voltage.

Tool with insulating handles

Hand tools with insulated pads are used as the main protective equipment when working in devices up to 1 kV without turning off the power. These include wrenches, side cutters, various screwdrivers, pliers and other tools.

Hand tools for work at voltages above 1 kV with insulated handles do not provide the necessary protection and safety for the worker. Therefore, to carry out repairs on high-voltage devices, it is necessary to completely de-energize a section of the circuit from all sides, ground it, install fences and other measures to prevent a person from entering an area that poses a risk of electric shock.

When working up to 1 kV without turning off the power, except for hand-held insulated tools, the worker should be isolated from the surface of the floor or ground using dielectric mats, special shoes or insulating stands. Goggles or protective masks are used if required by working conditions.

Hand tools must be inspected before use. There should be no mechanical damage to the insulation, burrs or cracks. Such a tool must undergo periodic testing, like other protective equipment, in laboratory conditions. Therefore, before use, be sure to check for the following test markings.

Dielectric ladders and stepladders

Such protection helps prevent electric shock to a worker, since ladders and stepladders are made of fiberglass to create insulation from the surface on which the protective equipment is located.

Insulating covers, caps and linings

Such personal protective equipment protects a person from electric shock and prevents short circuits. The figure shows an example of the use of such protections.


Protective portable grounding

Portable grounding is a class of protection devices used to create safe work for workers in electrical installations. A grounding device is installed in areas of the installation that are disconnected from voltage and where repair work is planned.

It is necessary to protect against accidental switching on of voltage to the repair area and to prevent the occurrence of induced voltage. If power is accidentally applied to this section, a short circuit occurs and protective devices disconnect the circuit from power.

Portable grounding is made of flexible copper cable, without an insulation layer. Clamps with dielectric handles are attached to the ends of the cable to close the phases and connect to the grounding bus. There are portable grounding connections for 3-phase devices that combine four grounding electrodes in one design, as well as separate grounding connections to each phase and ground.

Clamp clamps make it possible to mount them using a dielectric rod. In a three-phase grounding system, the connection of cores is carried out by welding or crimping, as well as by bolting. In this case, the cores must be tinned using refractory solder in the crimp area. Conventional fixing by soldering is prohibited, since in the event of a short circuit the current is very high and can heat the soldering area to the point of melting, as a result of which the connection will be broken.

The fasteners and cable must be designed to withstand short circuit current. The clamps must create reliable contact.

Grounding is installed on the section of the busbars disconnected from voltage on the power supply side. Before installing them, use a pointer to check the absence of voltage on the busbars. First, the clamps are fixed to the zero bus, and then to each phase in turn.

The clamps are installed with an insulated rod using protective equipment, rubber boots, and gloves.

Portable grounding is installed starting from the grounding bus. If voltage is not checked, grounding is prohibited. Grounding should be removed starting from the phase busbars, using insulated rods and personal protective equipment.

  • Before use, it is necessary to check the product’s performance (appearance, damage, contamination, damage to the coating).
  • Personal protective equipment must undergo periodic testing - verification of performance. Therefore, you need to check the future test date before use.
  • Damaged or inoperative protective equipment must be returned and tested.
  • Before applying protection, you must make sure that there is no moisture or snow on it.
  • Insulating agents must be kept clean. This applies in a special way to dielectric gloves and shoes.
  • Personal protective equipment for voltages greater than 1 kV with grip handles in the device have limit rings. Therefore, when working, you should grasp the handles no further than these rings, since there is a certain safe distance to live parts.
  • We must not forget that each personal protective equipment is designed to perform its tasks at the specific permissible voltage indicated on it. But this value may differ from the actual voltage from which the protection can protect the worker. As a result, the voltage allowed for use is indicated on the protective equipment.