Animal figurines are necessary for children as a visual methodological material as well as for the game.
They can be used to develop visual memory, associative thinking and oral speech of the child. The small size of the allowances (on average 6-8 cm) allows you to firmly hold the animal in your hand. Her child sometimes does not let go of her hands for days on end, which helps in the formation of motor skills of the hand, and also expands the range of tactile sensations of the baby. I would especially like to note the products of the Ogonyok plant from plastisol.
They have been known since our childhood. Taking into account the fact that they are produced in Russia according to strict sanitary and hygienic requirements and under the control of supervisory authorities, it is these sets that are environmentally friendly, odorless, and free of harmful impurities. Therefore, the child can take them in his mouth, bite, lick. And they are suitable for playing at home and for bathing a child. Also, figures can be used to illustrate and play various Russian folk tales. Toys made of platisol (or, as they say, made of PVC) are divided into hollow and dense. Hollow ones are more rounded and more fun appearance, and dense most accurately convey the appearance of the animal. The Ogonyok factory produces a wide range of manuals made of platisol: these are sets and individual figurines of small, medium and large animals: sets of forest animals, animals of Africa and the north, domestic animals, sets of dogs and grandmother's farmstead, forest animals of Russia. Our catalog contains products of the Voronezh enterprise PFC "Igrushka". They are slightly thinner and softer for creasing. There are animal figurines made in China (including "branded" in the Russian manner). They should be given to kids in the game only under the supervision of parents, and they should be stored in a well-ventilated place. They are distinguished by a realistic appearance. They are harder and denser and are most suitable as aids or in story game for older children.

Attention: cartoon characters and fairy tale characters, You can look at and, if you wish, add to the order in the neighboring catalogs of this section! ..

They are made from various plastics: celluloid, aminoplast, phenol, polystyrene, organic glass (acrylate, plexiglass), etc. Plastic toys are sufficiently durable with a relatively low weight, water-resistant, and wash well in warm water. These qualities, combined with a great variety and elegance of shapes, a good surface and bright colors, make plastic toys a very common and favorite type of toys for children.

The new multimedia system can be controlled by gestures. Welcome to golf with a new face. The grand opening took place directly at the carmaker's headquarters in Wolfsburg, and we were there. Yields did not change significantly as expected. The new ones are traditionally bumpers, with an adaptive cruise control radar front. The poncho is hidden in a magazine. But much more news is hidden inside. In addition to the new decorative materials and interior colors that are a common part of any upgrade, the digital instrument cluster is one of the highlights.

Plastic toys are made entirely from one or more types of plastics, as well as a combination of plastics with metal or other parts.

Range plastic toys in the USSR in the sixties were very diverse and designed for children different ages. This group of toys included: rattles, dolls, doll heads, figures of people, domestic animals and animals, domestic and forest birds, fish and reptiles; doll furniture, crockery and utensils; sand sets; transport toys; building toys; musical instruments and many others.

The center console is decorated with a completely new generation of multimedia systems with large displays. At the same time, the 9.2-inch screen is the largest in the segment. I had the opportunity to play with this entertainment program. It's good, and even the gestures work very well. But it takes a little practice to wake up the hand. It's just a shame that golf just makes that one gesture - hand shift left or right. move directly between screens, change the radio, or move between songs in your own playlist, depending on what's on your screen.

Rattles for toddlers were made of celluloid and designed in the form of bells, medallions, balls and various animals swinging in rings. produced from shiny or matte celluloid of various shades, mostly pale pink (corporeal) in color, ranging in size from 5 to 56 cm; celluloid doll heads were produced in sizes from 9.0 to 16.5 cm, intended for the manufacture of soft dolls. Figurines of people ranging in size from 9 to 25 cm are mainly images of children made of celluloid in various costumes: a sailor, skier, parachutist, pioneer, as well as ethnographic children's figurines - Buryat-Mongol, Nenets, Ukrainian, Ukrainian, etc. Each the toy was painted in several colors. Some of the figurines had mechanisms that set the toys in motion, for example, mountaineers dancing lezginka, a clown on a rocking chair, etc. For the collective game of children, small figurines were produced, made of polystyrene, like old tin soldiers.

New Online Services New to the field of mobile technology are a host of online services that improve driver safety and comfort. The system can identify an accident and automatically call for help. The position and status of the vehicle are also sent to the nearest service. However, you can also order a regular service through the service. With the system, you can also connect through the app.

In your mobile phone and check where you left the car if you happen to forget. When you drive a car, you can set it up to warn you if it exceeds the speed you choose or is in a danger zone. On the raft he drives the New Golf himself, comes with other assistance systems that enhance his active safety. In addition to registering pedestrians and being able to stop in front of them or in front of another obstacle that suddenly appears on the road, after upgrading it can cope with overloads.

Pets and animals - celluloid toys ranging in size from 3.5 to 26.0 cm. drummer”, “dancing hare”, “bear-gymnast on the ring”, etc. This group also included complex toys, for example, “collective farm herd”. Some toys were produced on themes borrowed from fairy tales.

The only thing to do is keep your hands on the wheel. Annoying whining and repeated stops can be made by the car itself. . It will be sold in more than 100 countries and will be equipped with up to 17 engines. It will be produced in China, India, Mexico and Brazil, and sold in more than 100 countries. These are really simple plans, but what makes new model? The appearance has a smarter impression. For example, new ones are headlights, the radiator grille has changed, and the rear window has lost its width.

Inside, we find a new instrument cluster and a dashboard with a 3.5-inch display. The only choice would be a 2.4-liter four-cylinder petrol engine with a power output of 134kW. In total, Americans will be able to choose up to three different gearboxes.

There are numerous toys made of celluloid, ranging in size from 3.5 to 24.0 cm, representing mainly the world of poultry, as well as parrots, which are distinguished by their bright plumage. The same group included stylized toys: “gosling on paws”, wheelchair toy “duckling on wheels”, complex toy “crumbs in a basket” (chickens in feeders). From polystyrene, a walking duck with a brood of ducklings was produced, moving along an inclined plane, successfully imitating the characteristic duck transshipment.

The front-wheel-drive model will be available with a six-speed manual or automatic transmission. If you are a good off-road enthusiast and the standard version will probably not meet your needs. This will not surprise you in this area.

The European premiere of the new compass will take place in March at the Geneva Motor Show. The public will be presented for the first time in March at the Geneva Motor Show. The design is inspired by the famous Monza year concept. But these basic features are there. Even now it's a great car, but it's often not the lowest weight. Luckily, they figured it out in Opley. Let's tell you the truth, it was something to lose, but 175 kg is an incredible result. The designer managed to both use lighter materials and optimize the spatial arrangement of the components.

Celluloid fish and reptiles, brightly colored, were used by children to play on the water. Turtles and a stylized crocodile (from Chukovsky's fairy tale) with movable forepaws and head belonged to the same group.

Doll furniture, crockery and utensils were made from various plastics: aminoplast, phenol, polystyrene and stamped celluloid. Several types of doll sets were produced - dining, tea, coffee, furniture sets, pianos, rocking chairs, cabinets, gas stoves, kitchen utensils, troughs and tubs, baths for bathing small dolls, etc.

This allows the new model to have more convenient and safer features on board. The overall gear range has been increased compared to the current 6-speed transmission, allowing for a more economical and high speed drive – even at low engine speeds. New box gears will initially be installed exclusively in combination with all-wheel drive, which is another important novelty.

The rear axle differential is replaced by two electronically controlled multi-lamellar clutches. This design allows so - torque - active distribution of torque between the wheels. Both cars have a redesigned design that makes them look more stylish. A 7-inch touchscreen was found on their center consoles, so even these cars will go with time. The technology under the hood has remained unchanged.

Toys for playing with sand - sets of various molds in nets, plastic buckets or cardboard boxes. They were made pressed from celluloid, as well as from aminoplast, phenol or polystyrene in the form of fish, stars, ducks, bunnies and conical molds with a convex engraving on the bottom of the figure. Some of the sand sets made of polystyrene could simultaneously serve as constructive toys, from which the child could collect barrels, mushrooms, pyramids, and so on.

The new feature is simply the ability to pay for a six-speed automatic transmission. With a 50mm flare, it brings more room for four passengers, but also has balanced driving performance and many technical innovations.

The layout is shorter by 3 seconds. The production model should be presented at the end of next year, while on the road we should have this car this year. I hope it would be nice for them to lose or pay off in Coventry. Its two electric motors power a battery with a capacity of up to 90 kWh. The engines provide a maximum power of 400 horsepower and a torque of up to 700 Nm. Even more interesting than the dynamic options is the design of this concept.

A group of transport toys represented the river and navy- boats, boats, sailboats, boats, tugs, motor ships, icebreakers, cruisers; motor transport - various systems of cars and trucks; fighting vehicles - tanks, armored cars, etc. Waterfowl toys were made of celluloid; motor vehicles, especially large ones, dump trucks with a tipping body, etc. - from aminoplast, phenolic plastic and combined ones - from various plastics.

Since there is no internal combustion engine under the hood and there is no need for a car. The central tunnel, which has a gearbox and gimbal, designers can give up their imagination. The concept is characterized by a front cab that allows the vehicle's external dimensions to be reduced while offering as much space as higher class vehicles.

Everything you need for your business. In addition, you will find yourself out of business with Business. After you try it and you don't want to trade it for others. Enjoy everyday first class comfort and drive home in a new car today.

The group of building toys included sets of building parts made of polystyrene, aminoplast and phenol.

Musical instruments - sounding toys of various tonalities - flutes, clarinets, trombones, pipes. They were made from polystyrene or combined - from polystyrene and aminoplast. Whistles and toys such as harmonicas were made mainly from celluloid.

All lines are clear, crisp and clear. Flat wedge-shaped headlights are located on the sides of a wide, usually damaging mask. Their crystal structure belongs to the tradition of Czech crystal production. However, the size is also reflected in the interior. Not to mention that even in the seven-seat configuration, there is space in the luggage compartment for at least two suitcases the size of a jet bag in air jargon. If you also have five seats, you will be loaded with an impressive 720 liters of luggage.

But with this technology. The buttons on the sides of the screen are touch sensitive. The seats in the third row fold out of the trunk by simply pulling a lever. It continues to be the true flagship of the brand in its comfort mode. Vertically oriented vents provide internal strength.

To prepare children for reading and counting and to develop a taste for embroidery and drawing in children, children's abacuses made of plastic, counting sticks, a toy "first count", an alphabet, and several types of mosaic games were produced. Mosaic-embroidery toys consisted of multi-colored chips of various shapes in plastic cases with holes, serving at the same time as a canvas, along which bright figures and ornaments were assembled, compiled according to the pictures attached to the game. For children of primary and secondary school age, games that develop dexterity were developed: flea games, “catch the ball”, puzzle game “15”, dominoes, checkers, sport games, for example table tennis ().

Book your car for service, or your operator can check your phone over the phone. In addition to sound dynamics, it also has a low-load two-cylinder system, so fuel consumption may be of interest in practice. Both cars were pleasantly comfortable with a balanced chassis setup. But pity surprised me.

Stronger version tuned for 150 hp can already be installed in all three gears: with a six-speed automatic and front-wheel drive, or with a six-speed manual and 4x drive. The gearshift mechanism may look a bit yesterday, but know what it has Newest technologies.

Puzzle game "15" (Fifteen)

Production. The most important place among plastic toys was occupied by toys made of celluloid. A serious disadvantage of celluloid is its easy flammability, as a result of which products made from it must be carefully protected from fire. Celluloid toys were produced by blowing with steam under pressure in special molds (blown) or by pressing on screw presses (stamped). Before blowing toys from sheet celluloid with an appropriate thickness (usually from 0.3 to 1.5 mm), blanks of the desired dimensions are cut. Blowing was carried out on hydraulic presses in heated bronze molds.

Even a small 208-mule can have a dragging camera. The graphic highlight of the updated 208-pusher evokes the left fenders. New colors and materials are also available in the interior. It brings with it a whole new dimension. A recent facelift has enhanced even more pleasing curves and added freshness. New wheel designs and modern body colors are added, as well as this glowing orange metallic. The new colors also feature an interior that has been upgraded to a multimedia system with mobile phone mirroring and parking.

The process of manufacturing stamped celluloid toys is simpler: celluloid blanks were preheated in heating chambers or in hot water. Stamping (with hoods, simultaneous cutting of products was carried out on screw presses using polished metal dies, cooled after pressing with compressed air under pressure. Burrs at the seams on blown and stamped toys were cleaned manually or on milling, drilling or other metal machines. Dyes were used to color celluloid toys and other materials allowed in the production of toys by the Ministry of Health Separate parts of the toys were connected with celluloid glue, the moving parts were fastened with an elastic band and metal fittings (spirals, block-hinges).

Its displacement speed is pathetic and it's almost impossible to park it on a hill with this gear. However, the new six-speed slot machine is completely different. Although in terms of design it is a classic automatic transmission with hydrodynamic.

Torque converter, its speed is amazing. In peaceful mode, it can be compared with the speed of two-channel transmissions. The excursions are fluid, which is typical for a classic hydraulic motor. However, it should be noted that the hydraulic motor is blocked almost immediately after the start, so the gearbox can beautifully use the torque of a fueled engine at lower speeds. However, consumption is higher than manual transmission. Thanks to this, we can tell exactly how much consumption is higher.

The second place in importance among plastic toys after celluloid was occupied by toys made by pressing from the so-called press powders (aminoplastics, phenolic plastics), as well as by injection molding from plastics with high fluidity (for example, polystyrene). The process of manufacturing plastic toys from press powders was as follows: the pressing material in the form of a powder or previously turned into tablets on tablet machines was placed in a steel mold heated by steam or electricity. The material heated in a hot mold softened and spread under pressure and filled the mold, simultaneously passing from a soft molten state to a solid infusible state. After the material hardened, the press was unclenched, the mold was opened and the finished toy was removed from it, which was then machined. The product made of press powders was obtained with the more even and smooth surface, the better the shaping part of the mold was polished and chromed.

Approximately one liter is required in each of the driving modes. Alignment with a five-step guide. Especially in the city, it is a petrol car with a car, 110 horsepower and mostly 205 Nm torque of good consumption. Not to mention that even the dynamics of the car compared to the version with manual box transmission was not affected in any significant way.

Unlike the upper classes, where there is now an obvious element of luxury, an automatic transmission in small vehicles is a great helper. Handling a manual transmission can often be stressful, and that's for softer sex where this little "shop" is very popular. Of course, if it works correctly. This gearbox works great, although it's true that you won't be able to pick it up. . The instrument panel did not require changes.

Polystyrene is a thermoplastic material that is water resistant and well dyed in all colors, it can also be transparent and colorless. Its disadvantages are relative brittleness, gradual loss of strength (aging) and low heat resistance. Due to the high fluidity of polystyrene, products from this material were produced by injection molding on special injection molding machines. The mass poured under pressure filled the free space of the mold, cooled and turned into a solid product. Polystyrene toys differed from aminoplast toys in having a shinier and smoother surface.

However, the most obvious change is the light. New is the graphics of both the rear and front lights. As for the test car, it looks quite sporty. It is available at different rates from 22,750 rubles to 51,350 rubles. Depending on whether you want 16" or 17" rims and only want a sporty appearance or you need a sporty interior.

There's room for two adults in the back, but the position behind the steering wheel is probably the best in its class. However, Reno was surprised by the fact that the newsgroup actually heard and corrected these minor shortcomings. However, this is an optional package that can be combined with all engines except the base. However, this is not the only change. The engine does not have such dynamics. Due to emissions, the transmission block blocks higher emissions, so you feel like the engine never went off the wheel.

quality requirements. Celluloid plastic toys were produced according to the specifications of the Ministry of Chemical Industry and had to meet the following basic requirements: the material (grade A celluloid) had to exactly match the approved standards and passports; the surface of the toys could be shiny or matte. It was required that the relief of the surface of the toys be clearly pressed, the pressing on blown toys be strong and carefully cleaned, the moving parts of the toys would be of the same type in color, symmetrically and firmly fastened with rubber cords and have free movement. Celluloid toys were produced in the 1st and 2nd grades, depending on the defects allowed by the specifications. When sorting toys, it should be borne in mind that in toys of the 1st grade, risks and roughness on the surface that were hardly noticeable to the naked eye were allowed; small tubercles and shells; inconspicuous smooth double pressant seam; minor splashes of paint. For toys of the 2nd grade, inclusions and small swellings were allowed; polished scratches; dullness (grayness) of the surface; waviness and stains that do not distort the appearance.

Packaging, labeling and storage. Each toy made of press powders and polystyrene had to have the brand or trademark of the manufacturer, the item number and the brand indicating the grade. On celluloid toys, the article number was not put, but the stamp indicating the grade was placed only on products of the 2nd grade. In complete toys (for example, doll sets, sand sets), the brand or trademark of the factory, the item number and the stamp indicating the grade were put on only one item in the set.

Dolls and other toys made of celluloid fit into carton boxes. Toys from press powders and polystyrene were wrapped 1 piece in paper, and then several items in a pack. Puppet tableware, tea and coffee sets and musical toys were packed into cardboard boxes. Parts of musical wind toys applied to the lips were packed tightly in cellophane. Sand sets and pyramids were packed in cardboard boxes or nets, and packs or boxes with toys were packed in wooden plywood boxes or cardboard boxes, which ensured safety during transportation. Each box contained only one type and one variety of toys. Products were packed with the use of gasket materials to protect against breakage. The passport of the manufacturer's quality control department was put into the box.

Celluloid toy boxes had to be labeled "Flammable". Dry closed rooms were allocated for the storage of toys. Celluloid toys, due to their flammability, must be carefully protected from fire..

Plastic toys from the 80s

Horse-hero (G.Z.K.-state quality mark!) Price - 3 rubles. 65 kop.

Machine "Spark" Price - 3 rubles. 50 kop.

Automatic pistol "Spark" (on the boy's side) Price - 2 rubles. 25 kop.

Machine gun "Maxim" Price - 4 rubles. 70 kop.

Antique cannon Price - 2 rubles. 00 kop.

A set of toys "Russian weapons" (Factory "Voiced toy", Moscow, 1968)

The set has been on sale since 1968. The set includes a shield, a sword and a helmet made of colored high and low pressure polyethylene. Sets were sold as two-piece (with a helmet) and two-piece. IN full version the set costs 1 ruble 40 kopecks. For a shield and a sword they paid 1 ruble 10 kopecks.

Toys "Tractor with a trailer" and "Dump truck" (Balashikha chemical plant, 1968)

Toy "Tractor with a trailer" (1968). Child from two to three years could sit on the seat and, pushing off the floor with his feet, could ride.

Toy "Dump truck". The price is 6 rubles 60 kopecks (1968).

Toys "Dump truck" (Voiced toy factory) and "Automatic" (produced by the enterprise in Tula, 1968)

Toy "Dump truck". The price is 1 ruble 20 rubles.

Toy "Automatic". The price is 9 rubles.

(1968)

Toy "Moving bug"

Toy "Boat" from a set of similar

Toy "Labyrinth"

Toy "Penguin"

A set of toys "Autotechnics" (Poland, early 80s)

Toy "Dump truck"

Toy "Garbage Collector"

Toy "Crane"

Toy "Avtolesnitsa"

Toy "Excavator"

Toy "Tractor"

Toy "Dump Truck"

Toy "Truck"

Toy "Forklift"

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The mass indicators of toys reflect the convenience of using them. So, the mass of toys for children of primary school age is no more than 800g.

Aesthetic properties of toys and their quality indicators. The aesthetic properties of toys characterize their social value and socio-cultural significance, expressed in form.

The aesthetic properties of toys include rational beauty, information expressiveness, novelty, laconism of form, reasonableness of size, compliance of plasticity and texture with the properties of the material and production technology, high quality processing.

In the complex of consumer properties of toys, aesthetic properties occupy a very important place, as they are of great importance for the aesthetic education of children. Informative and beautifully designed toys help to educate children's artistic taste. The information expressiveness of different toys is expressed in the degree of their similarity with a zoological copy of animals or a copy of a technical model. At the same time, a complete resemblance to the depicted object is necessary only when it is dictated by the idea of ​​​​creating a toy. However, more often the expressiveness of the toy is achieved by combining reality with the artist's imagination. Such toys represent a real and at the same time artistic image.

Beautifully designed toys bring up a sense of beauty in a child, have a positive impact on the child's attitude to surrounding things. Of great importance is the selection of coloring colors, which must correspond to the shape and content of the toy. A large number of colors on one toy makes it motley, does not highlight structural elements, a small number of colors unites the toy, dark colors in the coloring of toys should be limited, since they make the toy inexpressive and unattractive.

The group of aesthetic indicators of the quality of toys includes the following: the rationality of the form and the integrity of the composition, the perfection of the production performance and the preservation of the presentation, information expressiveness, and others.

Consumption safety and toy safety indicators. The safety of the consumption of toys ensures the protection of the body of children when using them from dangerous and harmful effects.

The safety indicators of toys are the following: dielectric strength of toys (electric and electronic toys), effectiveness of protective devices, absence of non-functional sharp corners (especially in metal toys), fire resistance. Permissible load (for sports toys), flash point (for toys made of plastics and other materials), shock resistance and other indicators (Table 2).

Table 2 - Nomenclature of properties and quality indicators of dolls

In addition to those listed, the general quality indicators of toys include the following: labor intensity, material consumption, cost, patent purity (degree of originality protected by a patent or copyright certificate), as well as originality, rationality, compositional integrity and reliability of packaging, which characterize the properties of toys, such as rationality, aesthetics and reliability.

In addition to general quality indicators, there are also specialized quality indicators for toys. These include aesthetic and ergonomic indicators, taking into account the materials of manufacture, the level of smell, the indicator of resistance to dry cleaning and resistance to fire. However, these indicators are most often taken into account for toys for a specific purpose.

Thus, when evaluating the quality of toys, much attention is paid to consumer properties, such as ergonomic, aesthetic, reliability and safety properties, which is primarily due to the fact that the toy is an object of frequent use by children, which, in one way or another, affects the moral, aesthetic and physical education of children.

3 Justification and selection of goods and materials for their production

For making toys for children preschool age plastics, metals, wood, clay, rubber, fabrics, cardboard, paper and other materials are used. Depending on the material from which the toys are made, they are divided into subgroups: plastic, metal, wood, ceramic, rubber, stuffed, cardboard, etc.

Plastic toys have appeared relatively recently. Plastic masses, in contrast to such traditional materials as clay, wood, metal, fabrics and others, which have long been used to make toys from them, have been widely used since the second half of the 20th century. Their lightness, good plasticity, color reliability, low labor intensity of manufacturing put plastic masses in the first place, and now more than 40% of toys are made from this material.

Plastic toys have a number of advantages over others. From the manufacture includes a small number of technological operations, they almost do not require additional processing, and therefore the production cycle takes a short time; there are ample opportunities for the introduction of mechanization. Plastic masses are well painted in bright, rich colors, they do not deteriorate from moisture, they are distinguished by high hygienic properties, in most cases they are not combustible. Production methods (blowing, injection molding, molding, stamping, welding, etc.) allow you to give the toy any configuration and size, thin relief, produce reinforced parts, accurately produce the author's model. The properties of plastics allow their use in combination with metal, wood and other materials.

For the manufacture of toys, thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics are used. The most widely used thermoplastic masses are high-pressure polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides, polycarbonate and others; thermosetting - aminoplasts, phenolics - are used for the manufacture of toys in a small amount, and polyurethane - foam rubber - in a significant amount. When choosing a plastic mass for the manufacture of toys, they proceed from its game orientation, mechanical loads (compression, tension) on the toy during the game. The type of plastic mass not only largely determines the properties of toys, but also enhances them. So, the use of high-pressure polyethylene allows you to increase elasticity; polystyrene - aesthetic properties; polycarbonate - mechanical properties and frost resistance; the use of aminoplasts and phenolics - heat resistance and others.

Polyethylene is one of the most common plastics used in the manufacture of toys. High pressure polyethylene is used to make toys intended for children's institutions. Basically, these are large-sized toys (trucks, dolls, watering cans, buckets, rakes), as well as prefabricated Christmas trees. This material has many advantages. First of all, it is its low cost. In addition, polyethylene is a thermoplastic material, lightweight (density 0.95), well processed by all methods, including injection molding, frost-resistant, elastic, resilient, well colored in bulk. Polyethylene toys can be washed with hot water. However, the surface hardness is negligible: therefore, the line drawn by the fingernail does not disappear, the surface is slightly matte and rough. With prolonged (over a year or more) exposure to sunlight, the appearance of toys deteriorates, they become brittle if there is no stabilizer in the composition of polyethylene.

Polystyrene is a thermoplastic mass with a density of 1.1, hard, colorless, well colored in mass, has a shiny surface, and is well processed by injection molding. At the same time, the material is fragile; large-sized toys are not made from it. Basically, polystyrene is intended for the manufacture of various models of passenger racing cars, various rattles, cubes, bricks, animal figurines, musical toys, doll furniture sets, dishes, etc.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - plastisol - thermoplastic plastic used for the manufacture of dolls, beach balls, various toys for playing on the water (fish, crocodiles, swans, circles and swimming belts).

Polycarbonate is one of the polyester thermoplastic resins, well dyed, frost and heat resistant, withstands temperatures from -100 to 150 °C. Polycarbonate toys are both durable and beautiful. However, the volume of their production is still small due to the high cost of this plastic.

Polypropylene is a thermoplastic plastic with a low density of 0.9, hard, resilient, with a shiny surface, transparent, well colored in bulk. However, it is very unstable to sunlight and not frost-resistant - it can withstand temperatures only down to -5 ° C. The volume of production of polypropylene and, accordingly, toys from it is small.

Foam rubber - polyurethane foam plastic. Foam rubber toys are very light (volumetric mass 0.25), they are made voluminous (animal figurines) or planar (cutting fish, animal figurines, etc.)

Kapron is a durable material, slightly flammable, insoluble in common solvents, elastic, abrasion resistant, easily amenable to plastic deformation (pressing, injection molding, drawing, blowing). Technical toys with microelectric motors, car bodies, parts of pedal cars are made from kapron. Nylon fibers are used for doll wigs.

Aminoplast is a chemically resistant material. Amino plastic toys are made by direct compression from tablets or press powder. Forming and hardening takes place in a hot metal mold. It is possible to obtain translucent, opaque and brightly colored products from aminoplast. Aminoplast toys range includes construction material, transport toys, sand play sets, kitchen utensils, etc.

Phenoplast has disadvantages that limit its use. With prolonged contact with water, phenol is released (up to 12%). Consequently, only furniture, car bodies, telephones, pianos, and technical toys can be made from it. They are produced in dark brown and black colors.

For the manufacture of toys from plastics, almost no blanking, connecting and finishing operations are required, therefore their production is more economical than the production of toys from other materials. Plastic toys are made by injection molding, blowing, thermoplastic molding, as well as hot pressing. The most widely used injection molding method is for the manufacture of one-, two- and three-color toys of various shapes and the most complex designs.

4 Product coding

With the development of computer systems, the issues of information compatibility become especially relevant, since they are associated with the unification and standardization of information support, aimed primarily at developing common principles for identifying, classifying and coding information about various objects.

Identification is the assignment to an object of a unique name, number, sign, symbol, sign or set of signs, etc., which makes it possible to unambiguously distinguish it from other objects.

Identifier - name, number, sign, symbol, sign or set of signs, i.e. something that gives the object uniqueness and distinguishes it from many other objects.

Conventional designation - a set of letters, numbers and other characters compiled according to certain rules, providing identification of an object.

Code - a sign or a set of signs assigned to an object for the purpose of its identification.

Encoding is the formation and assignment of a unique code to an object.

Coding is used in standardization, certification in trade, customs, accounting, foreign economic activity and other areas related to the product.

Short description

In this term paper plastic preschool toys will be considered.
The objective of the course project is to study the classification and characteristics of the assortment, consumer properties, development of requirements, quality examination, labeling, packaging, transportation and storage of preschool children's toys.

Introduction
1 Product description
2 Consumer properties and requirements for goods
3 Justification and selection of goods and materials for their production
4 Product coding
5 Marking, packaging, conditions of transportation and storage of goods
6 Examination (assessment) of the quality of goods
7 Certification
Conclusions

The quality and cost of a toy directly depend on what raw materials were used in the production process. The more expensive the raw materials, the higher the cost of the final product. However, Russian manufacturers have found ways not to save on raw materials and at the same time not to raise the price of goods.

Strictly control the quality

Today, Russian toy manufacturers are fighting for decent quality reasonable price under rather unfavorable raw material conditions. If we take, for example, such a source material for the production of toys as artificial fur, then in the entire territory of the post-Soviet space you can find only three plants for its production. One is in Russia, the second is in Ukraine and the third is in Belarus.

Polypropylene, the second material widely consumed by the gaming industry, is produced in a country with a population of one and a half billion by only 4 plants. Three of them have existed for a long time, since Soviet times, when production was at a qualitatively different level and was constantly fed by the state. Whereas the fourth - Nizhnekamsk - is a purely opportunistic phenomenon, justified by an acute shortage of raw materials on the market. Polypropylene-based manufacturers highly appreciate the quality of the more expensive Korean and Finnish polymer, while the level of affordable Russian polymer still leaves much to be desired. But even if we do not take into account the quality of domestic raw materials, four plants for a huge country, according to expert economists, are very few.

One of the largest Russian factories, Nordplast, uses six types of raw materials in the production of plastic toys, but about 80% of the entire raw material base is polypropylene. The enterprise relied on inexpensive Russian materials, but with the condition of quality stability from batch to batch. Oksana Kondaurova, commercial director of the Nordplast plant, says: “We process about 200 tons of polypropylene every month. Most of it is domestic production. We are serious about the quality of raw materials, the company has an input control of all incoming materials and components. We buy polypropylene in Kapotnya and Ufa. We usually pay for raw materials with a deferred payment from a week to a month.” “We buy imported raw materials, but not more than 10% of the total volume of consumables,” says Oksana Kondaurova. - This is due to the constant change in prices for imported and domestic raw materials. For example, we had experience in purchasing imported polypropylene made in Korea and Finland: they have material good quality. Accordingly, working with such material allows to reduce losses and speed up the production process. Purchases began, but after a while, raw materials became much more expensive. The volume of purchases has decreased - we cannot sharply increase the cost of production and increase the price for the end consumer in the face of fierce competition. However, in order to improve quality and develop new, more complex toy parts, we increasingly use materials from imported manufacturers. Among other things, the choice of raw materials of domestic brands is small. So, last year we started using imported grades of polypropylene, polystyrene and ABS to produce a new type of product.”

Minimize losses

However, far from all enterprises can buy Russian raw materials. According to Sergey Oreshin, director of the Alanger company, domestic raw materials are well suited for enterprises with a large number of castings that produce standard products. “They usually have a special workshop for crushing low-quality products - after all, according to the technology, 20% of secondary raw materials can be used in the production of final products,” he explains. – We have a different approach: defective products do not exceed 4% and are not reused. This allows saving on its storage, processing and optimizing production costs.”

The Alanger company has developed its own method of reducing the cost of production when purchasing expensive imported raw materials. Sergey Oreshin shares the secrets of “optimization”: “We use polystyrene for the production of toys, our company purchases exclusively imported raw materials. We tried to work with Chinese, it is quite cheap, but its quality is unstable. It contains many additives, the so-called inclusions, due to which the product ceases to stick. And this directly affects the final product. The same situation with Indian raw materials. Therefore, today we settled on the German brand BASF: stable quality, clear deliveries. German polystyrene costs about 20% more than domestic polystyrene. However, when working on Russian materials, manufacturing defects are the same 20–22%. Even the low price of polystyrene cannot compensate for such losses. In addition, German raw materials are delivered in convenient packaging, absolutely sealed, not letting moisture in. And from domestic polystyrene, as experts say, "water just oozes." We also buy imported, Austrian dyes that are approved for use in the food industry. This is very important point: after all, the consumers of our products are children, so we do everything so that toys are absolutely safe for their health.

Alanger buys German polystyrene and other materials from a Moscow supplier specializing in the sale of imported raw materials in Russia. This removes all problems with delivery and customs. In addition, the company can purchase the right amount of products at any time. The supplier was chosen carefully, based on the analysis of several similar firms.

Prepare for crises ahead of time

According to igroprom experts, commodity crises of varying degrees of severity happen all the time. The main thing in this case is to make sure in advance. Otherwise, you may find yourself in a situation where production simply stops. Oksana Kondaurova says: “We face commodity crises about twice a year. In the spring, Russian factories stop for maintenance, and in winter there is a problem with the transportation of raw materials during new year holidays. Therefore, every year by May and December we create the necessary stock. Of course, it is not very convenient to store large volumes, but this is our main raw material, and interruptions in its supply can lead to a stop in production.”

Chinese commodity dominance

If you try to sketch a map of the raw materials of the world, using even relative data, Russia will not be among the leaders in terms of the level of domestic raw material turnover. Which in itself is quite paradoxical. We have vast territories, oil and other natural resources, constant complaints about unemployment and an urgent need for gaming enterprises in high-quality inexpensive raw materials. However - and most experts in the toy industry recognize this - the title of raw material leader is still firmly held by the countries of Southeast Asia. Thus, according to the RBC magazine, China is currently increasing its consumption of resources at a frantic pace. In many positions, he is already No. 1 in the world. Being the largest importer of ore, aluminum, zinc, and the second largest importer of oil, the Celestial Empire is becoming a full participant in international market relations. By producing huge quantities of various raw materials domestically, China is able to dictate prices for it to the world market. And the thesis “Chinese means cheap” is already untenable.

The fashion for toys is subject to no less frequent changes than the fashion for clothes. Trends, materials, details, colors, styles are changing. Not a single country, except China, is capable of producing such a quantity of raw materials necessary for the gaming industry (including Russian) in a short time. This is due to the fact that China, like no other country in the world, has learned to minimize energy costs. In combination with cheap labor and the status of the world's second largest oil importer, this ability allows the country to maintain its position as the No. 1 supplier of raw materials for the toy industry. A huge number of world-famous toys have already taken the path of 100% transfer of production to China. Most Russian manufacturers place orders at factories in China. The dynamics of the outflow of orders to China today significantly exceeds the dynamics of the development of the Russian raw materials industry. Assessing this state of affairs, experts find it difficult to make predictions. Some tipped the Asian countries (China, India, Taiwan) further "absorption" of raw materials and the transfer of production there by Russian companies. Others leave Russia a chance to turn on its full potential and become a competitive country producing raw materials. However, both of them make an amendment both to the current Russian legislation (to open any production in the fatherland, one will have to face a huge number of financial and bureaucratic difficulties), and to the Russian mentality. “We haven’t even really learned how to make gasoline,” the head of a large production company in the gaming industry, who wished to remain anonymous, shares his opinion with our magazine. – Despite the huge amount of oil produced, we still sell it in its pure form, instead of refining it in the country, using processed products for other production and making the same polymers at home, and not buying oil made from our own oil. plastic from the Chinese at inflated prices.”

The main types of raw materials for the production of plastic toys.