Once, when I came to a music store to buy my first instrument, I asked to give me a classical guitar, but with iron strings. What was the following dialogue:
- so what kind of guitar do you want? Classical or acoustic?
- What is the difference between classical and acoustic guitar models?
— there are differences, now I’ll tell you them and show both guitars.
Let us tell you the difference between these guitars and which one is better.
When choosing this musical instrument, at first you may encounter two of its most popular definitions - classical and acoustic model. People who want to learn to play the guitar often ask the same question on various forums - which of the two varieties of this musical instrument is better and preferable. As in many cases, there is no clear and specific answer to this question. It all depends on the individual case. But, nevertheless, after reading this article, every reader will understand what the difference is and will be able to consciously decide and make the necessary choice of the model that suits him.
Classic model
The history of the classical guitar goes back several hundred years and dates back to the eighteenth century. The ancestor country of the “classics” is Spain, which is why such a guitar is sometimes called “Spanish flu” among the common people.
Features and Properties:
The Classic model instrument is distinguished by a relatively small body (amateurs call it a drum), which adds convenience and grace to it. The body, as a rule, is made of valuable coniferous wood - cedar, spruce, etc.
This variety has a wide neck, which has either a solid cross-section consisting of one solid piece of wood, or has a composite character (several wooden blanks stacked on top of each other). As a rule, there are nineteen frets on the neck of the classic version (a fret is the distance between two vertically located metal rods).
The neck is attached to the body using glue.
The musical instrument is equipped with nylon (plastic-based material) strings, which may be black or White color. Strings made of this material do not provide much resonance, which results in a quiet and soft sound.
The genres of music most suitable for playing on this type of guitar are Spanish, Latin American compositions, as well as ballads, plays, and romances.
Due to its simplicity and convenience, this musical instrument is often used for teaching in educational institutions.
The classic model is perfect for beginners due to its small size, soft strings and comfortable neck.
Acoustic model
This variety does not have such a rich history as in the case of the “classic”. The acoustic model is about one hundred years old. The instrument gained worldwide fame, coming from America, where musical styles such as jazz and folk flourished in the mid-twentieth century. After all, works of these genres, performed to the accompaniment of acoustics, sound very picturesque and attractive.
Properties and features:
The musical instrument has a large body, which, in part, provides deep sound.
In the middle of the section, along the entire length of the “acoustic” neck, there is a metal rod - an anchor. This element ensures the strength of the neck structure and protects it from breaking, since the strings are stretched with great force and create considerable bending force. In addition, a metal anchor adjusts the position of the neck relative to the body.
The neck is glued to the body like a classical guitar.
The musical instrument is equipped with metal strings, which, by creating high resonance values with the body, provide an “acoustic” sound. The strings may have an outer braid of various materials. The metal of the winding affects the sound. Eg:
- Phosphorus-bronze. Strings with this combination of material have thicker, rich bass and a velvety sound, but less clear high frequencies. The braid of these strings has a bronze-orange color.
- Bronze-tin. Strings that are optimal for the level of high and low frequencies; in most cases, these are the strings that famous manufacturers of musical instruments install on their guitars. Yellow-golden braid
- Steel or nickel steel. The common people call them “silver”, although of course there is no silver there. Characterized by a distinct bright ringing sound. Silver-gray braid.
Important: It should be noted that the use in classic version metal strings are unacceptable, since the absence of a steel anchor in the neck of the “classics” can lead to its breakage due to the high tension force of such strings.
Works that are relevant for performance to the accompaniment of “acoustics” belong to the styles of rock and roll, pop, chanson, folk music and any yard melodies.
This guitar will be a little difficult to learn, since the metal strings cut your fingers more. But if you are willing to endure for three weeks, then the sound will certainly please you.
Choosing between two tools
When making a choice, a beginner should focus on the following points:
The metal strings of an acoustic guitar, due to the rigidity of the material and strong tension, are capable of a short time provide calluses to the fingers of an untrained person. Of course, this phenomenon is temporary and over a period of time the fingers will harden, no longer causing discomfort when playing, but at first the player will be accompanied by unpleasant sensations.
The soft nylon strings of the classic model are much better in this regard. In addition, due to the low tension force, they are less likely to tear.
The number of strings in a “classical” is always six, while an “acoustic” can have from six to twelve strings (a twelve-string guitar).
For young musicians, the small body of the classic model will be preferable to “acoustics”, the overall dimensions of which require getting used to.
Manufacturing materials
If we talk about the material from which the body is made, there are two main options - wood or plywood.
- Wood provides a dull and noble character to the sound, but on the other hand, a body made of valuable wood species significantly increases the cost of a musical instrument. Don’t forget about storage - wood does not tolerate temperature changes and conditions of high humidity, which negatively affects the sound quality.
- Plywood is more resistant to moisture, temperature changes or direct sunlight. The cost of such guitars is usually not high; famous guitars will cost from 90 US dollars or 6,500 rubles. But such guitars do not have a good and deep sound.
It was noted above that the “classical” neck is wider and in the case of playing using special “barre” chords, the left wrist will experience pain at the first stages of use, due to the need to completely cover the fingerboard with your fingers.
Another difference between the two models is the lack of a truss rod in the classic neck.
The anchor provides greater structural reliability and resistance to the external environment, as well as the ability to adjust the deflection of the neck. Although more and more often, budget models of classical guitars have a truss rod in the neck.
When playing an acoustic guitar, a mediator is often used - a special plate made of metal or plastic that adds volume to the sound. Such a device is not applicable to the “classics”, unlike the first option.
Summary
Having examined the features, properties and differences of each of the guitars, it will become much easier to choose one of the two options considered and say which model is best for you.
However, all the above points relate, by and large, to physical characteristics, which are not always decisive.
Still, it’s worth putting your musical preferences first. “Acoustics” are capable of producing much louder, clearer and higher tones. Therefore, if the player gravitates towards pop styles, rock and roll, jazz, blues or folk, then feel free to take an acoustic guitar, and you will not regret your choice.
But the classic one shouldn’t be written off either. This type of instrument is ideal for performing classical compositions, fiery Spanish melodies, romances and plays. and also great for learning.
Over time, you will have both models, since each of them is unique and cannot replace the other.
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FGOU SPbGEU
Department of Management and Planning of Socio-Economic Processes
Essay
On the topic: “The role of the classical or administrative school of management in the practice of modern management”
Completed by: student of group EV-201
Redina Anastasia
Checked by teacher, associate professor
Suleymankadieva Alzhanat Elderkadievna
St. Petersburg 2012
Sodafidgeting
Introduction
1. Prerequisites for creating the theory, its goals and objectives
2. Founders of the administrative school of management (1920-1950)
3. “Theory of Administration” by A. Fayol
Conclusion
List of used literature and sites
Introduction
Management is an art, like medicine or engineering, that must rely on its underlying science - concepts, theories, principles and methods.
The main objectives of management science are the study and practical use principles for the development of the entire set of management goals, the development of plans, the creation of economic and organizational conditions for the effective activities of work collectives. Studying and mastering these patterns is a necessary condition improving the management of public and private production, improving the economic infrastructure and raising the national economy of the country.
Socrates also argued that the main thing in management is to put the right person to the right place and achieve the tasks assigned to him. .
Management in market conditions is called management. Management is the management of socio-economic organizations in a market economy, the goals of which, as a rule, are economic.
The entire history of management has been associated with two approaches to managing a company. The first of them focused on the management of operations, the technical side of the production process, the other on the management of labor resources, primarily studying psychological factors, motivation, and stimulation of human activity.
In the history of management, the following schools of management are distinguished:
1. rationalistic school of management;
2. classical (administrative) school;
3. school of human relations;
4. behaviorist school;
5. School of management decision making.
The emergence of modern management theory is often associated with the name of Frederick Taylor, who was the undisputed leader of the entire scientific management movement. However, his works primarily examine the problems of lower-level managers who directly interact with workers. A pioneer in the development of principles of leadership at the highest level was Henri Fayol, the founder of the administrative school of management (more about him will be mentioned later). He identified 5 “elements” and 14 “principles” of management in 1916. The work of Fayol, as well as those who wrote after him on planning, organization and control - most notably James Mooney, Alan Reilly, Luther Gulick and Lyndell Urwick - lie at the heart of modern management theory. Their work is united by the desire to compile a code of universal rules, on the basis of which the best management decisions could be made in each case. These rules were perceived by them as something more than just a generalization of their rich professional experience. Rather, they believed that they were formulating laws that applied everywhere and at all times, like the laws of nature.
The principles they discovered can be divided into three groups:
1. Principles describing management functions (Henri Fayol);
2. General principles of organizational structure (James Mooney and Alan Reilly);
3. A set of synthetic rules that unite management, organization and public administration (Luther Gyulick and Lindell Urwick).
In general, if we study the chronology of management development, we can say that at each stage of the development of management thought, new ideas were discovered and patterns emerged. The emphasis was transferred from technological processes to human relations. A person in an organization was considered both as an element of the system and as a unique individual with his own needs and social problems. But at the very beginning of the development of management science, the attention of researchers was directed to the process of enterprise management as a whole. The administrative school of management created by A. Fayol, responding to the demands of the time, studied enterprise management as a system, making administration the object of scientific attention.
The purpose of this work is to study the basic concept of the administrative school, consider the general principles of the theory of administration, their relevance and significance at the present time, as well as the contribution classical school in the development of modern management.
management school administrative fayol
1. Prerequisites for creating the theory, its goals and objectives
The progress of human culture is reflected in all spheres of social life and, above all, in the mode of production dominant in it at a given point in time. The increasing complexity of the production method is also reflected in the organizational forms in which the production process is carried out.
I believe that the relevance of problems of organizational management is due to the possibility of increasing the return on invested resources by improving the way they are connected, i.e. organizational structure. In this regard, to the historically first model of three factors of production (land, labor, capital), a fourth is added - entrepreneurial abilities, which in a broad sense can be interpreted as beneficial properties of the organizational structure of the production process. It turned out that by improving the organizational structure it is possible to extract surplus value in addition to the results of using other factors of production, not only without increasing, but sometimes even reducing the intensity of their use.
The development of problems of scientific management, which unfolded at the beginning of the 20th century and focused its attention on the activities and specialization of the manager, was faced with the need to analyze the construction and creation of principles for the functioning of the organization as a whole. The answer to this practical need was the work of Henri Fayol, who proposed a number of organizational principles necessary for effective management company.
Summarizing his many years of observations, Fayol created the “theory of administration” and achieved fame thanks to his ideas, which, however, were accepted too late. Only in 1916 was Fayol’s work “The Main Features of Industrial Administration – Foresight, Organization, Management, Coordination, Control” published. This work is Fayol's main contribution to the science of management.
Fayol argued: to manage means to lead an organization towards its goal, extracting maximum opportunities from all the resources at its disposal. The concept of “management,” in his opinion, combines six main functions:
Technical (technological) activities (production, processing, application).
Commercial activities (purchase, sale, exchange).
Financial activities (searches and optimal use of capital).
Ensuring security (protection of property and people).
Reporting activities (inventory, balance sheet, expenses, statistics).
Management activities (planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, controlling).
In business, whether simple or complex, large or small, these six groups of activities or their essential functions are always present. These six groups of activities will be present in all areas of business, but to varying degrees.
With the emergence of the administrative school, specialists began to constantly develop approaches to improving the management of the organization as a whole. The authors, who are considered the founders of the school of administrative management, better known as the classical school, had direct experience as senior management executives in large businesses. The "classics" tried to look at organizations from a broad perspective, trying to determine General characteristics and patterns of organizations. The goal of the classical school was to create universal principles of management. In doing so, she proceeded from the idea that following these principles would undoubtedly lead the organization to success.
2. Founders of the administrative school of management (1920-1950)
“Adherents of the classical school, like those who wrote about scientific management, were not very concerned about the social aspects of management. Their work was largely based on personal observation rather than scientific methodology." Representatives of the classical school of management tried to look at organizations from a broad perspective, trying to determine the general characteristics and patterns of the organization. By defining the main functions of business, the “classical” theorists were confident that they could determine The best way dividing the organization into divisions or working groups. These functions have traditionally been finance, marketing and production.
Basic provisions of the school:
* Development of management principles;
* Description of control functions;
* Systematized approach to managing the entire organization.
Henri Fayol (1841 - 1925) - French scientist, “father” of management. He made a huge contribution to the development of management as a science. Developed a number of universal management principles.
Henri Fayol worked almost his entire adult life at a French coal and iron ore processing company. Fayol's focus was on management, and he believed that his success as a manager was due to the fact that he organized and carried out his work correctly. Moreover, he believed that when proper organization every manager can achieve success. In some ways, Fayol had a similar approach to Taylor: he sought to find rules for rational action. The peculiarity of Fayol's teaching was that he studied and described a special type of activity - management, which no one had done before in the form Fayol did.
An important role in the development of the idea of the administrative school was played by L. Urwick, D. Mooney and others, who considered the activities of organizations from a broad perspective and tried to determine the general characteristics and patterns of organizations as a whole.
Management principles are the basic rules that determine the construction and operation of the management system, the most important requirements, compliance with which ensures management efficiency. According to Fayol, principles are a beacon that helps one to navigate. According to Fayol, the source of the effectiveness of a management system lies in the management procedures themselves, the establishment and application of correct management principles.
Considering the organization as a specific type of activity, Fayol formulated the following 14 principles of management in relation to the activities of senior management:
1. Division of labor - specialization of work necessary for the effective use of labor (by reducing the number of goals to which the attention and efforts of the worker are directed).
2. Authority and responsibility - each employee must be delegated authority sufficient to be responsible for the performance of the work.
3. Discipline - workers must obey the terms of the agreement between them and the head of the enterprise, managers must apply fair sanctions to violators of discipline.
4.Unity of command - the employee receives orders and reports to only one immediate superior.
5. Unity of action - all actions that have the same goal must be combined into groups and carried out according to a single plan.
6. Subordination of personal interests - the interests of the organization take precedence over the interests of individuals.
7.Staff remuneration - employees receiving fair remuneration for their work.
8.Centralization is the natural order in an organization that has a control center. The best results are achieved with the right proportion between centralization and decentralization. Authority (power) must be delegated in proportion to responsibility.
9. Scalar chain - an unbroken chain of commands through which all orders are transmitted and communications are carried out between all levels of the hierarchy (“chain of superiors”).
10.Order - workplace for each employee and each employee at his own workplace.
11. Fairness - established rules and agreements must be enforced fairly at all levels of the scalar chain.
12.Stability of personnel - setting employees to be loyal to the organization and long term job, since high fluidity reduces efficiency.
13. Initiative - encouraging workers to develop independent judgments within the boundaries of the powers delegated to them and the work performed.
14.Corporate spirit - harmony of interests of personnel and the organization ensures unity of effort (“there is strength in unity”).
Fayol believed that these principles are universal and that their application should be flexible and take into account the situation in which management is carried out. He noted that a system of principles can never be completed; on the contrary, it always remains open to additions and transformations based on new experience and analysis. Therefore, the number of management principles is unlimited.
I believe that some of the principles given address the human factor. Fayol showed that management, intended mainly for organizing production processes, is based on knowledge of psychology and that taking into account the human factor in management is extremely important. I would also like to note that many management principles still have practical value.
3. "Theory of Administration"A. Fayol
A. Fayol was the first to propose considering management activity itself as an independent object of research. He identified five main elements from which, in his opinion, the functions of administration are composed: forecasting, planning, organization, coordination and control.
1. Forecasting is one of the components of the management process, during which goals are formulated, samples and standards are created that form the basis of the management circuit in the organization. At the same time, it is important that not only general goals are planned, but also the stages of their achievement are identified, resource capabilities for achieving goals and ensuring compliance with standards are justified. According to A. Fayol, management means looking forward, and the process of foresight and planning is central to business activity, that is, the manager must evaluate the future and anticipate it. For the effective functioning of an organization, a plan is needed that has unity, continuity, flexibility and accuracy. These characteristics are implemented as follows:
a) the tasks of each division of the organization are related to each other (unity);
b) both short-term and long-term planning are carried out (continuity);
c) it is possible to adapt the plan to changing circumstances (flexibility);
d) the direction of action is predicted (accuracy).
2. Planning is based on connecting the goals of the organization and its divisions with the means to achieve them. At the same time, planning is indirectly a control tool, since it not only sets goals, standards and standards of activity, but also determines the boundaries of deviations from norms, the violation of which determines the adoption of coordinating decisions.
3. Organization is a function of the management body of the organization, the essence of which is the creation of the management structure of the organization itself, i.e. ensuring the necessary level of formalization, attracting resources to the organization and creating the conditions necessary for its normal operation, namely:
a) the formation of a system of relations of power and subordination that excludes double subordination and has acceptable standards of controllability;
b) providing managers at all levels with the required prerogatives and resources of power;
c) defining a system of sanctions for violating the organization’s norms;
d) development of role requirements for each member of the organization and the boundaries of each role;
e) providing conditions and resources for the performance of role functions by each member of the organization
In addition, the organizational function should include all actions related to the construction of the organization’s team and its divisions. Obviously, the leader-organizer is most suitable for leading the implementation of this function - the most authoritative member of the organization precisely at the time of creation of the structures. As a rule, such a leader is not interested in ordinary, everyday work; he needs the ebullience of life and creation.
4. The need for coordination has been proven by many researchers. With a strict division of labor horizontally and vertically, coordination of activities becomes especially important. It is necessary to create formal coordination mechanisms, otherwise Team work will be impossible, and some functional areas or individuals will focus on serving their own interests rather than the organization as a whole. One of the mechanisms of coordination is the formulation and communication to all employees of the goals of the organization, as well as to each of its divisions in connection with these common goals.
5. Control is the most important management function, the final result of all management activities; the main points of control are the following:
a) choice of control method, for example, a manager can initially choose strict methods of monitoring the completion of tasks or, conversely, provide subordinates with the implementation of control functions (through group pressure and rules for compliance with group norms);
b) the choice of the scale of control or the frequency and strength of the manager’s intervention in the product manufacturing process;
c) choosing a method of positive or negative stimulation to achieve the smallest deviation from planned norms.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to note that in my essay I tried to clearly and concisely present information about the main provisions of the administrative school of management, as well as the views and ideas of A. Fayol. Also, in the process of researching the material, I generally understood the relevance and topicality of this topic, its scientific views and ideas that everyone needs to know at the present time. I think that the preparation of modern professional managers is impossible without knowledge of the history of management development as a whole. Management developed over centuries before becoming an independent branch of knowledge, a science.
The School of Administration has had a significant influence on the practice of modern management. The works of the outstanding scientist Henri Fayol have had great success at all times. In my opinion, the main contribution he made to management theory was that he viewed management as a universal process consisting of several interrelated functions such as planning and organizing.
Fayol's merit is also the conclusion that not only engineering and technical workers, but also every member of society needs, to one degree or another, knowledge of the principles of administrative activity. Application of Fayol's theory in practical work the manager will be able to:
Correctly prioritize your work;
Plan it correctly;
Take corrective actions quickly and effectively.
Knowing these theories, the leader will be able to look at the problems facing him as if from the outside. This will allow him to determine his surroundings and see the problems being solved in their relationship with others, therefore, to find a “starting point” for starting work and clarifying the problems; evaluate the appropriateness of your actions; clarify what resources are missing to effectively solve problems. All this will help to find new ways and means of solving the problems of the organization.
Many companies to this day use in their work the management principles developed by A. Fayol.
Subsequently, many researchers studied and theoretically described the principles of management activity, but all of them were only followers of Fayol, developing, supplementing and concretizing his teaching. This fact once again proves that Henri Fayol made an incredible contribution to the development of management science, and also developed universal principles and methods that still have practical value.
List of used literatureand sites
1. Semenova I.I. History of management: Proc. manual for universities. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2006. - 222s
2. http://www.grandars.ru/college/ekonomika-firmy/menedzhment.html
3.http://fictionbook.ru/author/l_i_dorofeeva/menedjment_konspekt_lekciyi/read_online.html?page=1
4. http://www.likebook.ru/books/view/142825/?page=1
5. General edition of T.N. Loseva
“The evolution of theory and experience of effective management abroad: Tutorial", 2008
6. http://de.ifmo.ru/bk_netra/page.php?tutindex=3&index=5 Development of management theory and practice
7. Meskon M.H., Albert M., Hedoorn F. Fundamentals of management p.67
8. Textbook on management. MSUL, 1998
9. http://dps.smrtlc.ru/Int_Encycl/Man_princ_of.htm
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I periodically hear from some people that, they say, ordinary everyday clothes - jeans, sweaters, jumpers - are more convenient and comfortable than classic clothes such as suits and dress shirts. This surprises me, because (in my opinion, of course) good classic trousers and jackets are more comfortable than jeans and sweaters - after all, sweaters and jumpers restrict movement more, and sometimes jeans too (especially skinny ones); after all, classic clothes simply feel better and more pleasant on the body due to their “smoothness,” so to speak.
However, I agree that T-shirts are usually more comfortable than shirts, and shorts are more comfortable than trousers. But T-shirts and shorts are no longer even so much everyday wear as outright sportswear (it’s interesting, by the way, that once sportswear they called jackets and trousers of a loose cut!) .
True, all this does not prevent me from wearing both classic and casual clothes, and, perhaps, mostly casual ones. There are several reasons for this. Reason one: casual clothing is cheaper than classic clothing - if we are talking about the same level and the same manufacturer. Relatively speaking, it’s understandable why some people wear jeans and D&G sweatshirts and don’t buy Dolce&Gabbana suits - the latter require much more money.
Reason two: casual clothes are more practical. Classic clothes cannot be washed - with rare exceptions. Sometimes it requires a specific ironing mode (or ironing is also prohibited - you can only use steam), sometimes it is very gentle. Ordinary everyday clothes are made, as a rule, from cotton or mixed fabrics, or even synthetics. It is easier to care for - in most cases you don’t even need to iron it - the savings in effort and time are obvious.
Reason three: environment, context. Many Russians (and not only Russians) are so accustomed to everyday clothing and it has become so firmly and omnipotently established in their wardrobes that classic clothing seems to them either completely unfashionable, or already inappropriate, irrelevant, and sometimes even pretentious. To the point where they call a suit jacket worn without a tie a suit and ask where you are dressed up like that.
Polls
March 9, 2015Very often you hear the term “classic” or “classic”. But what is the meaning of this word?
Classic is...
The word "classic" has several meanings. Most explanatory dictionaries offer one of them - works of the classics: literature, music, painting or architecture. This word is also used in relation to some examples of art, for example, “classics of the genre.” However, most often this term is mentioned as an indication of a specific time period in the development of a particular type of art, not forgetting that only a few, the most successful ones, are considered classical authors. In literature, everything that was written in the 18th and 19th centuries is considered a classic. In the 20th century, classics give way to modernity. Many modernist writers sought to destroy the previous tradition and tried to find a new form, themes, and content. Others, on the contrary, used the works of their predecessors for their own purposes. Thus, postmodern works are full of allusions and reminiscences. 
Classic is something that will always be in fashion. This is a certain sample that shapes our worldview, which reflects all the characteristic features of a nation of a particular time.
Which writers can be called classics?
As noted above, not every author is included in the ranks of classics, but only those whose work had a significant impact on the development of Russian culture. Perhaps the first classical writers who left a significant mark on the history of Russian literature are Lomonosov and Derzhavin.
Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov
His literary work dates back to the first half of the 18th century. He became the founder of such a movement as classicism, so it is impossible not to classify him as a classic of the time. Lomonosov made a huge contribution not only to literature, but also to linguistics (having identified three styles in his native language), as well as to chemistry, physics and mathematics. His most significant works: “Morning/Evening Reflection on the Majesty of God”, “Ode on the Day of the Accession...”, “Conversation with Anacreon”, “Letter on the Benefits of Glass”. It should be noted that most of Lomonosov’s poetic texts were imitative in nature. In his work, Mikhail Vasilyevich was guided by Horace and other ancient authors.
Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin
The classic literature of the 18th century is represented by another name - Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin. The most significant works of this author: “Monument”, “Felitsa”. By the beginning of the 19th century, he was the most prominent poetic figure; only Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin could outshine him.
It is difficult to name all the brightest writers of the time. Russian classics are rich in talented names. Fonvizin, Krylov, Karamzin, Zhukovsky can be considered classics.
The 19th century, called the Golden Age of Russian literature, turned out to be even brighter than the previous one. It all started with the greatest genius of the era - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin
“Soul-nurturing humanity” - critic V. G. Belinsky was able to highlight this feature in Pushkin’s poetry. Pushkin was able to transform the Russian language, he gave it lightness and simplicity - something that the writers of the 18th century lacked. His poetry is full of goodness and truth, it is permeated with the greatest love for man, for life, for the whole world. It is simply impossible to list the author’s main works, because the list is very large. Perhaps it is definitely worth highlighting his novel in verse, “Eugene Onegin,” aptly called by Belinsky “an encyclopedia of Russian life.” All the love for the homeland was embodied in this small lyric-epic work; in addition, Pushkin, like no one else, managed to reflect the essence of the era, as well as create a unique female image, which was continued in all subsequent literature. The first association that arises when hearing the word “classic” is Pushkin.
Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov
This author can rightly be called Pushkin’s successor. But in his works there is less lightness and openness; on the contrary, Lermontov’s lyrics are sometimes gloomy, sometimes cruel towards people. Lermontov acutely felt his loneliness, his break with people. All this resulted in the lines of his poems. A classic of literature is his novel “A Hero of Our Time.” Here the writer worked like a real psychologist, portraying a deep, contradictory character. The novel provides ample scope for thought, and this is an indispensable criterion for a classic.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol
Classic writers of the second half of the 19th century trace their history back to the work of Gogol, the first realist in Russia. His works teach a lot: to love your country, treat people mercifully, look for vices first of all in yourself and try to eradicate them. The author's most outstanding works are the comedy "The Inspector General" and the poem "Dead Souls".
Writers of the second half of the 19th century
Among the poets, F.I. Tyutchev and A.A. Fet should be especially highlighted. It was they who marked all the poetry of the second half of the 19th century. Among the prose writers are such bright figures as I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov and others. The works of this period are full of psychological research. Each of the realistic novels opens up to us an extraordinary world, where all the characters are drawn vividly and vitally. It is impossible to read these books and not think about something. Classics are a depth of thought, a flight of fantasy, a role model. No matter how sophisticated the modernists are in saying that art should be kept apart from morality, the works of classical writers teach us the most beautiful things in life.
In Russian there is one word “classical”, but in English there are two at once: classic and classical. Is there a difference between them and what is it? What should we use if we are talking about classical music or literature?
Classic #1
Pronunciation and translation: 
Сlassic [ˈklæsɪk] / [kl`esik] - classic
Meaning of the word:
An item of high quality that is generally considered to be one of the best in its field or meets some traditional standards of beauty, style, etc.
Use:
It is used when we want to indicate that what we are talking about is valued because it embodies the best features of its style, era, area, etc. For example: Classical (classic) a suit will never go out of style. "Roman Holiday" is classic Hollywood movie.
Example:
At the theater she was wearing a classic dress.
It was on at the theater classic dress.
After I had earned his first million I bought a classic 50s Cadillac.
After making my first million, I bought classical Cadillac 50s
Classic #2
Pronunciation and translation: 
Classic [ˈklæsɪk] / [kl`esik] - typical
Meaning of the word:
A typical representative of a group.
Use:
Shows that a particular item is not unique in its field and embodies its characteristic features. For example: Typical (classic) error, typical (classic) example.
Example:
This story is a classic example of what can happen if you take a big risk without thinking.
This story - typical an example of what can happen if you take big risks without thinking.
Unfortunately John became a victim of a classic case of fraud.
Unfortunately John became a victim typical case of fraud.
Classic #3
Pronunciation and translation: 
Сlassic [ˈklæsɪk] / [kl`esik] - a classic work
Meaning of the word:
Used in relation to the most significant literary works of the past.
Use:
This word means exactly the same thing as “classics” in Russian when we talk about literature. Please note that in English classic- this is precisely a “work” - that is, one. If you want to say " classic" How totality books(for example, Russian classics), then use the plural ( classics). For example: Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" is classic (classic) world literature; John loves to read classics (classics).
Example:
Many teachers are worried that classics aren't popular among teenagers anymore.
Many teachers are concerned that classical literature is no longer popular among teenagers.
The musical "Notre-Dame de Paris" is based on the timeless classic by Victor Hugo.
The musical "Notre Dame de Paris" is based on the immortal classic the work of Victor Hugo.
Classical
Pronunciation and translation: 
Classical [ˈklæsɪkəl] / [kl`esikal] - classic
Meaning of the word:
Belonging to a specific historical period in the past.
Use:
As a rule, under the word classical implies strictly defined periods in the history of culture and art.
When we talk about literature or architecture- meaning ancient Greece And Rome(those. antiquity).
If we are talking about music- that is European orchestral music XVIII-XIX bb., as well as modern music that continues this tradition.
Example:
Classical composers such as Beethoven are still popular.
Classic composers such as Beethoven are still popular.
There's a large collection of classical art in this museum.
This museum has a large collection antique(ancient Greek and Roman) art.
What is the difference?
Classic #1- a high quality item, the best among its kind. For example: This store specializes in clothing in classic style. Neil collects models classic (classic) cars.
Classic #2- a typical item among its own kind. For example: Lack of time is typical (classic) first year student problem. Promising to help and doing nothing is straight forward typical (classic) Jack! And why do I still turn to him?
Classic #3- a classic literary work. For example: Reading classics (classics) included in the school curriculum. The author analyzes classic work (classic) N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls".
Classical- cultural ancient Greece or Rome or to European music of the 18th-19th centuries. For example: Many works antique (classical) philosophers have not survived to this day. Listening classical music calmed Mary.
Reinforcement task
Paste Right words in the following sentences. Leave your answers in the comments.
1. The lawyer’s office was decorated in ___ style.
2. Many theater productions are modern interpretations of ___.
3. Dan whiled away the evening watching ___ films from the golden age of Hollywood.
4. ___ the mistake of a beginning guitarist is the positioning of his hand.
5. When there is nothing else to talk about, ___ weather becomes the topic of conversation.
6. When I learned to play the piano, I learned pieces of ___ music.
7. George Orwell's novel 1984 quickly became ___.
8. If you like ___ architecture, then I advise you to go to Athens.