St. George's Day - (spring and autumn) the name of church holidays dedicated to the Christian Saint George (Egory, Yuri) the Victorious. St. George's Day - November 26 (old style) religious holiday in honor of St. George, with whom in Russia XV-XVI centuries. the possibility of a serf's transition from one feudal lord to another was associated. Corvée labor of 6 and even 7 days a week was common.
In domestic historiography, there are two opposing views on the circumstances and time of the emergence of serfdom - the so-called “decreed” and “undeclared” versions. Both of them arose in the middle of the 19th century. The founder of the “decree” version is considered to be the famous 19th-century historiographer S. M. Solovyov. It was he who, for a number of reasons, defended the existence of the 1592 law banning peasant migration, or the abolition of “St. George’s Day,” issued during the reign of Tsar Feodor Ioannovich.
The order stipulates only the conditions for exit, the very right to which is not called into question. Fundamental changes in the position of the peasants came with the accession of the Romanov dynasty. In the Council Code published in 1649, two fundamentally new circumstances appeared.
Yuriev Day is only a Russian holiday
The master now had the right to return the fugitive himself or even his descendants with all the goods acquired while on the run, if he could prove that it was from his estate that the peasant escaped. So, for example, the Code orders a peasant daughter married off while on the run to be returned to her owner along with her husband, and if the husband had children from his first wife, they were ordered to be left with his landowner. One of the main shortcomings of the Code, as noted by V. O. Klyuchevsky, was that legislators did not think about regulating the duties of serfs to landowners.
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However, some rights of the serf peasant were still preserved and protected by the Code. In addition, trade in serfs was prohibited. Chapter 11 of the Code stated: “Baptized people are not ordered to be sold to anyone.”
Sergei Vasilyevich Ivanov, “The peasant’s departure from the landowner on St. George’s Day”
It was at this time that the trade in serfs acquired its most cynical and outspoken character. From the end of the 17th century and, especially, from early XVIII century, serfdom in Russia acquires a fundamentally different character than the one it had at its inception. This was primarily due to legislation. Russian Empire, uncompromisingly defending exclusively landowner interests.
In 1848, serfs were allowed to purchase real estate - until that time they were prohibited from owning any property. On the one hand, such a permit was supposed to stimulate an increase in the number of “capitalist” peasants who managed to get rich even in captivity, and to revive economic life in the fortress village. On February 19, 1861, with the Manifesto of Emperor Alexander II, serfdom was finally abolished. An objective attitude to the problem of serfdom in Russia has always been hampered by strict censorship control.
However, recently there has been a tendency towards a sharper assessment of both the causes of the origin of serfdom and the consequences of its two-hundred-year rule for the country. Then, in 1861, the book “The Serf Population in Russia, According to the 10th National Census” was published. The 1857-1859 census was carried out by the Central Statistical Committee and was aimed at establishing the current composition of the population and the proportion of serfs in it. It should be noted that the share of serfs in the total population of Russia was different in different parts of Russia.
Thus, there were serfs in 52 provinces and regions out of 65... In the Tver patrimony of Prince Simeon Bekbulatovich (according to the scribe book of 1580), out of 60 cases when the time of transition is mentioned, only two cases occur on the southern day. Abolished by the Decree on reserved years in 1580-1590. Antinazi. Yuryev's Day - This term has other meanings, see Yuryev's Day (film).
Day of St. George the Great Martyr, patron saint of farmers (γεωργός, “georgos” in Greek “farmer”). In the Code of Laws of 1550, published under Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, the right to “exit” was preserved. State "Black Hundred" peasants were attached to the land, paid taxes directly to the tsar and were freer in their daily lives, as well as in the organization of their labor. As a result, most peasants were deprived of land and the right to change their place of residence.
Autumn St. George's Day (November 26 according to the old style) was in those days the date that finally summed up the field work. Yuryev Day, Stanislav Khabarov. St. George's Day - English Saint George's day; German Pfingsten. St. George's Day - established in the Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries. the period within which the transfer of peasants from one landowner to another was allowed. A fragment of a mirror, Sergei Stanislavovich Yuriev. Russian poetry of the late 20th century to this day remains a “blank spot” in the history of Russian literature.
the 6th of May Orthodox Church celebrates the day of memory of St. George the Victorious. This holiday has acquired special significance in Russia - St. George sitting on horseback is depicted on coins and in the center of the Russian coat of arms.
History of the Day of Remembrance of St. George the Victorious
Why was Saint George so famous? The Great Martyr lived at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 3rd century in the Roman Empire in a Christian family. Thanks to his tenacity and courage, he entered the military service and earned the title of military leader. Being a true Christian, George did not renounce his faith when Emperor Diocletian invited him to renounce Christianity. He died suffering for his faith and came to be read as a shining example of valor and steadfastness.
Why is St. George the Victorious depicted with a spear piercing a serpent?
Legends were made about the miracles that St. George the Victorious performed and about his brave deeds. One of them served as the plot of a painting in which the saint is depicted on a horse and with a defeated monster. As the legend says, in Beirut, in a lake, a huge snake settled, which haunted the local residents. In order to somehow appease the snake, the residents were forced to give him a child every day. Saint George the Victorious was able to hit the serpent with a spear and save people from suffering. It was this story of the victory of the holy warrior that became a symbol of the triumph of good over evil.
Signs on the holy day of St. George the Victorious May 6 or St. George's Day
People call this holiday Yegoryev day. According to legend, on this day Egor Veshny opens the spring earth with his keys and releases dew, causing grass to begin to grow.
In folk tales, Yegory is considered the patron saint of livestock. That is why on this day, May 6, the peasants drove their livestock into the meadow for the first time after winter. This day was celebrated on a special scale, because the warmest time of the year began.
On Yegoryev Day, the first work in the field began. Later, with the adoption of Christianity, the fields were sprinkled with holy water on this day, and the priests read a prayer service for a rich harvest. By signs on Yegoryev's day they judged the weather for the future.
- Dew had special power on this holiday. It is believed that if you walk barefoot through the Egoryevsk dew in the morning, no illnesses will affect you throughout the year.
- It is raining on Yegoria - good offspring of cattle will be born.
- It’s warm on Yegoryev’s day - look forward to summer soon.
- On this day, swallows fly in and nightingales begin to sing. Special attention paid attention to the cuckoo's singing. It is believed that if this bird crows, the livestock will die.
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05.05.2015 09:30
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Yegoryev Day is a holiday overgrown with many superstitions, signs and traditions. The Slavs have two such days a year. Find out below how many times a year, when and how Yuryev, or Yegoryev's Day, is celebrated.
What date to celebrate and how many times a year
There are several Yegoryev Day holidays. The Orthodox have four such days a year, and all of them are dedicated to memory Great Martyr George the Victorious. People have long called him Yegor or Yuri.
Lubok "Egory of the Spring". 19th century
Yegoriy Veshny is celebrated on May 6th. This is the day of remembrance of the saint in Orthodoxy, the date of his death according to his biography. It has many popular names - St. George's Day, horse holiday, the day of the Unlocking of the Earth. Sometimes another one was used - Yegor Golodny, since by the beginning of May all supplies usually came to an end.
December 9 - Yegoriy Osenniy. The holiday was established in the 11th century and coincides with the consecration of the St. George Church in Kyiv. It was subsequently destroyed in the 30s of the last century. Saint Yegoriy was considered the heavenly patron of Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich, who at the time of construction was the Prince of Kyiv. He also set the date of veneration of the saint on December 9.
S. Ivanov. "St. George's Day" 1908
April 23 is the day of veneration of St. George in Catholicism. In the Georgian Orthodox tradition, he is one of the most revered saints as the patron saint of Georgia. The day dedicated to George is celebrated here on November 23 and May 6.
In Orthodoxy, only two days dedicated to the saint are holidays. These are May 6th and December 9th. Many traditions have been associated with these dates for several centuries. They are also the main calendar milestones in the lives of peasants. Agricultural work begins on Yegor Veshniy, and ends by Osenniy.
Egoriy Veshny - essence and traditions
On spring St. George's Day “the saint opens the earth”, “brings spring”- this is what people say to this day. In ancient times, on May 6, the opening of the new agricultural season was celebrated. During pagan times, a holiday dedicated to Dazhdbog was celebrated at this time.
Egorievskaya dew has received a lot of attention since ancient times. To swim in it is to gain health, longevity and beauty. With the keys taken from God, the saint opened the earth, releasing healing liquid from it. True, it retained its magical properties only until dawn. Cattle were also wiped with this dew to avoid illness and the evil eye. However, with the help of Yuriev's dew, in the old days witches caused damage to livestock. Therefore, in some regions it was considered harmful to animals.
It was believed that such dew enhances the healing properties of herbs. Therefore, it was impossible to do without collecting medicinal plants. At this time, chaga, Irish moss, fir and pine needles, oak bark, angelica roots, hawthorn flowers, birch buds and leaves, as well as dandelions and lilies of the valley are collected.
The blessing of wells and springs is another custom at the beginning of May. After the prayer service, everyone considered it their duty to collect water in reserve, attributing to it the properties of Yegoryevsk dew.
An almost forgotten tradition of Yegor Veshny is to go to the houses of couples who got married this year and sing majestic songs in their honor. As on Christmastide, it was customary to give a treat for this. This tradition is called Vyunishnik, or calling out to the young. She practiced not only on St. George's Day, but also on some other holidays.
St. George was considered the patron saint of brides, and on his feast day girls prayed for marriage. It was customary to wear the most beautiful and brightest outfits, a large amount of jewelry - so that the grooms would notice.
Otherwise, like most Slavic holidays, St. George’s Day was accompanied by songs and round dances around large bonfires. An important part of the folk festivities on May 6 in most regions of Rus' were horse competitions. Swearing and quarrels were strictly prohibited. In the old days, they believed that violators would be killed by lightning on Elijah’s Day, August 2.
It was not possible to do without feasts and ritual meals in the fields and gardens. Jelly occupied a special place on the table. His absence was considered a great sin. For the Southern Slavs, a mandatory dish is spit-roasted lamb. Leftover food was buried there to increase the productivity of the land.
Customs and rituals
IN Earth Unlocking Day For the first time in the year, cattle were driven out to pasture with a certain ritual. Animals were decorated. For example, it was customary to decorate sheep with wreaths of fresh flowers. A separate wreath was hung on the container for the first milking. The horses were fed baked goods in the shape of a cross.
The Southern Slavs sacrificed lambs on St. George's Day to protect animals from disease, damage and the evil eye, predators and evil spirits. His blood was collected without spilling on the ground. She was supposed to lubricate the foreheads and lips of children, as well as the first beards of boys. The purpose of this action was protection from evil spirits and disease.
On May 6, shepherds are also honored. In the old days, they were visited in the field and treated to scrambled eggs, and given fabrics and money. One of the traditions, perhaps, did not please the shepherds too much - they were doused cold water so as not to fall asleep while working. It was considered a great sin if a shepherd did not attend a church service on a holiday dedicated to his patron.
In addition, the shepherd was obliged to offer milk to the goblin if the field was located near his property. He also had to conclude or renew an agreement with the owner of the forest on the protection of livestock from wild animals. To do this, the shepherd said special conspiracy, and then threw the open lock into the forest. The goblin locked it with a key, and the lock was kept in a special place, which only the shepherd knew about.
In Ukraine and Belarus, during the Discovery of the Earth, it was customary to inspect the crops and invite a priest to consecrate the fields. There was a sign - if you inspect the vegetable garden and garden on Yegory, the year will be fertile. For the same purpose, the owners tumbled over the beds and fields. Yuri was stuck into the ground with consecrated Palm Sunday branches for protection and harvest. Crosses and candles blessed in the temple were also buried. Sometimes the pasture of livestock was combined with an inspection of the fields - the animals were led through the crops. In the old days they believed that such a walk would increase milk yield and increase the harvest.
Rituals and conspiracies for Yegoriy Veshny were mostly aimed at the well-being of livestock, their fertility, protection from witches and evil spirits. On this day there was a ban on spinning and knitting from wool. Even picking up threads - Bad sign, to the death of livestock from wolf teeth. However, if you are not engaged in cattle breeding, this ban does not apply to you.
Weather and gardening signs for May 6
If it’s warm on Yegoryev’s day in May, it means that summer won’t be cold. A lot of mosquitoes - a sign of rapid warming. Heavy rain on May 6 foreshadows a lot of grass in the summer. Rain indicates that there will be a lot of bread, but buckwheat will not be harvested. The warm night from May 6 to 7 warns about this. A lot of dew can be taken as advice to sow millet - a lot of it will grow this year. Snow, hail and frost - to a good buckwheat harvest.
A clear morning suggests that early sowings will be most successful. If it was cloudy in the morning, but by the evening the weather had improved, the harvest will be late. The south wind means a good harvest; the north wind foretells a not very successful year for gardeners. The large size of leaves on birch trees also indicates a good harvest.
In order to find out how ugly cucumbers are, you need to hang a wet towel on Yegor Veshny on the street. If it dries by evening, wait. large quantity these vegetables in the beds. If not, you shouldn’t count on their harvest.
Egor Osenniy - traditions and superstitions
Autumn Yegoryev day, or Yuri Kholodny celebrated on December 9. It is on this date, in the minds of our distant ancestors, that the saint releases wolves. It was often called the wolf wedding day. From now on, predators will attack livestock and people more often. Therefore, St. George the Victorious could not do without prayer for protection from wild animals.
In the imagination of Russians who lived several centuries ago, St. George rides on a horse in the spring, and on a wolf in the winter. In order to appease him and the forest predators, ritual cookies were baked in the shape of horses, cows and other animals. Treats were buried in the field. Another way to protect pets is to give them water from an ice hole into which several burning coals from the stove have been thrown.
Since December 9, the bears stopped bothering the villagers and went to bed until spring. It’s getting colder, the rivers are freezing - “Yuri is building bridges.” In the old days, on this day it was necessary to insulate windows, doors and the entrance to the cellar.
The winter day of memory of St. George the Victorious was also a holiday of strength and courage. There was a tradition of floating weak and frail guys in a bathhouse and whipping them with oak brooms. Oak has always served as a symbol of strength, good health, masculine energy. It is believed that after such procedures you can gain strength. After the bath, men lubricated their bodies with wolf fat in order to acquire the courage of a predatory beast.
For serfs, Yuryev's day had special significance. This was the only day of the year when they could change their owner. Perhaps this is where the following superstition takes its roots - on winter St. George’s Day, all debts should be paid off. However, they always tried to do this before the offensive. New Year's holidays so as not to live in debt for another year. Preparation for them begins with Yegory.
Since those times, a sign has been preserved - the master will be kind to workers hired on December 9. Therefore, it was believed that this day is best suited for job searches, interviews, and the first day of work. Since many peasant families at this time went to look for better life, St. George's holiday is considered one of better days for moving. But before getting ready for a long journey, in the old days they ordered a prayer service in the church - so that life in the new place would not be worse than in the old one.
Catchphrases like “Here’s to you, grandma, and Yuryev’s Day” or “A woman dressed up on Yuryev’s Day to take a walk from the manor’s yard, but she couldn’t find the way” were also composed during the times of serfdom. In the 17th century, a royal decree prohibited peasants from moving from one owner to another. Most of the proverbs about this day took on a tone of disappointment.
Even if the weather was not very favorable, medicinal plants were collected on December 9th. These include pine needles, alder and mistletoe. It was believed that plants on this day have stronger healing properties.
Weather signs for December 9
One of the traditions of Yegoriy Osenniy is listen to water in wells. The noise predicted the weather for the winter. Calm water means warmth, noisy water means severe cold. As much snow falls on December 9, so much grass will grow in the spring.
Severe frost on Yuri means a harsh winter. This was also predicted by the howl of a wolf heard in the village, as well as the wind from the north. Frost on December 9 foretells a good harvest next year, especially oats.
A snowstorm on December 9 foretells a good swarming of bees. A crimson dawn means a strong wind, a blizzard. Wind - to a snowstorm. The thaw predicted that the winter would be rich in warm days. This also promises the appearance of rooks.
In general, Egoriev, or Yuriev's day, celebrated twice a year, served not only as a day of remembrance of the saint, but also as a calendar milestone, the boundary between the warm and cold seasons of the year. On Veshny Yegoriy, the patron saint opened the land, and the people, in turn, began the agricultural season. Winter Egor released hungry wolves and severe frosts into the wild. Many superstitions, mostly of an agricultural nature, are associated with these days.
A meeting of lightweight mixed martial arts fighters competing under the auspices of the UFC, the current champion Khabib Nurmagomedova(Russia) and interim champion Dustin Portier(USA) will take place as part of the UFC 242 tournament, which will be held in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates.
Russian Khabib Nurmagomedov will return to the octagon to compete for the unification of the lightweight belts. At the same time, according to Khabib’s father, the meeting will not be a quiet walk, since Portier has earned the right to this fight on sporting grounds and his dignity cannot be belittled.
That is, the date of the fight between Khabib Nurmagomedov and Dustin Portier:
*September 7, 2019
Although, of course, not all parenting days fall on Saturday. So, the first parents' day after Easter in 2019, called Radonitsa, is held on Tuesday a week after Easter Sunday.
Orthodox believers celebrated Easter in 2019 on April 28, respectively Radonitsa falls on May 7, 2019.
That is, what date will Radonitsa be (parent’s day after Easter 2019):
* on Tuesday May 7, 2019
In some Russian regions, May 7, 2019 has been declared a holiday. Taking into account May holidays, at the beginning of May 2019, residents of these regions will have 10 days off.
Eid al-Fitr in 2019 - day off or working day:
In some regions of the country, the first day of Eid al-Fitr (in 2019 - June 4) is an official non-working day and an additional day off.The following regions of the Russian Federation are celebrating the holiday:
* Republic of Adygea.
* Republic of Bashkortostan (Bashkiria).
* The Republic of Dagestan.
* Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Kabardino-Balkaria).
* Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Karachay-Cherkessia).
* Republic of Crimea.
* Republic of Tatarstan.
* Chechen Republic.
In the listed regions, Tuesday June 4, 2019 is a day off, and the Monday before (June 3, 2019) is a short working day.
The life of Russian people in the distant past consisted of a series of everyday life and holidays. Everyday life is a time filled with hard peasant labor and worries, “sadly monotonous with simple-minded joys and sorrows.” Weekdays were contrasted with holidays, the most ancient of which were associated with the agricultural calendar. Yegoryev's day was one of these holidays.
Yegoryev Day (Egory, Yegory the Brave, Yuri the Green, Yuryev Day) - the popular name of two church Orthodox holidays, days of remembrance of the Holy Great Martyr George the Victorious. In Russian folk tradition St. George the Victorious was considered one of the main saints.
People used to say: “There are two Yegories in Rus': one is cold, the other is hungry.” The first - Yegoriy Veshny ("Summer", "Warm", "Hungry") - was celebrated on April 23/May 6. The second - Yegory Autumn, Yegory Winter, Yegory Kholodny was celebrated on November 26/December 9
In the minds of the common people, Saint Yegor was the personification of the creative forces of nature, a symbol of spring cleansing and renewal of nature. Russian peasants said that spring comes to earth with Yegory: “Egory brought spring to the threshold,” “There would be no spring in Holy Rus' without Yegory.” It was believed that he “opened” the earth, gave fertility to the fields, and protected livestock.
The sowing of spring crops begins in Yegor. “There will be frost on Yegoria - there will be millet and oats,” “On Yegoria there will be rain - there will be an easy year for the cattle, and there will be a failure of buckwheat,” the farmers said. From Georgiy they begin to sow root crops - beets, carrots.
Saint Yegoriy was considered the patron saint of wild animals and guardian of livestock. In popular legends, Saint George protects livestock, helps shepherds, or punishes them for wrongdoing and negligence. Therefore, Egoriev's Day is especially characterized by ritual actions aimed at protecting domestic animals.
Spring Yegor was the day of the first cattle pasture in the field. After almost two hundred days of stabling, the ceremonial first drive of cattle into the field acquired a solemn and ritualistic overtones.
It is firmly established in the popular consciousness that the first time to drive cattle into the field must be on Yegoriy. Peasant belief said that on this day St. George himself grazes cattle.
The ritual of the first pasture was performed to preserve the livestock and obtain a good offspring and consisted of several stages:
· crawling of livestock by owners in the yard,
· ritual feeding of livestock,
· driving cattle into the herd,
· walking around the herd as a shepherd,
· giving gifts to the shepherd and a meal for the shepherds and owners in the pasture.
On the eve of Yegoriev's Day, the peasants did not work, “so that the wolf would not eat the sheep.” The herding of cattle was carried out solemnly in compliance with numerous rules.
The ritual began with a walk around the courtyard - it was performed silently or with the utterance of some incantations or words asking Saint Yegor to preserve the cattle.
Everywhere there was a custom of ritually feeding cattle before grazing with special bread baked on Maundy Thursday. Bread provided offspring, strength and health. Bread fed to livestock had different shapes and title.
The customs of the western districts of the Moscow province, of course, had a regional flavor, but were not very different in essence.
So, in Volokolamsk district, the owner of each hut turned out his fur coat, put it on top with wool, took the image of St. George and a dish with flour, put an egg in it and put a wax candle. With this, he walked around his cattle, driven out of the barns into the yard in a heap. After this, the image and dish were placed over the gate for a week.
The cattle were first driven out of the yard by the collector, followed by all the peasants. When the herd was gathered, the collector walked around it with a secular icon - then he handed the icon to the shepherd. The cattle were driven into the field with willow. Having brought it in, each one stuck the willow in his own strip. The herd was not in the field for long, because the feed was still thin. The shepherd was given cakes and eggs
IN Ruza district in 1851 This is how the first cattle drive took place.
On Yegoryev's day, after mass, the priest was invited to the pasture, where the blessing of water was performed. In the morning, a shepherd, playing the horn, walked through the village, and the widows, who were respected and reputed to be pious, drove out the cattle with willow. At the end of the prayer service, the shepherd took the icon and walked around the entire flock three times. Finally the cattle were driven into the field; he was accompanied by peasants of both sexes. Arriving in the field, each peasant woman placed a willow in the rye in her strip and prayed to God. They returned from the field to the village, giving the shepherd bread, eggs, and cakes with cottage cheese.
In the 60s of the last century in the Ruza region, a rare family did not have cattle, so the customs of Yegoryev’s Day are still preserved in the memory of old-timers. They didn’t bake ritual bread back then, but they always saved a separate loaf for pasture, cut it into slices and seasoned it with salt. A yoke or poker was placed on the ground in front of the gate so that the cow would step over it.
The hostess led the herd on a rope with a willow branch. Having been released into the flock, she baptized three times and herself went to the meeting at the edge of the field.
It was believed that on Yegoryev's Day it was necessary to drive cattle out to pasture, even if it was cold and there was snow in some places, otherwise the cow would not be “sentenced to the herd.” Even if, depending on weather conditions, the cattle were driven out before or after the holiday, the ritual was observed.
On the first day of cattle herding, shepherds played a special role. Having driven the herd out of the village, the shepherd walked around it three times, as if casting a talisman against the attacks of animals. On this day, the shepherds had to be thanked and honored.
Housewives, festively dressed, with bundles of provisions in their hands, went with the herd to the field for pasture. The shepherd was given eggs, pies, meat, sweets, booze and money. The shepherd often placed two baskets in the pasture, where offerings were supposed to be placed. The women also treated each other to food and drink they brought with them after going around. On the one hand, the owners wanted to win the shepherd over to themselves and their cattle with gifts, and on the other hand, the gifts had to be magical meaning- save the cattle, get offspring from it.
Thus, the customs and rituals of Yegoryev's day were very significant for the peasants. And a striking example of this is the first pasture of cattle after winter, which turned into folk holiday with protective, protective ritual actions.
LITERATURE
Volkov N. N. Description of the Ruza district of the Moscow province / / Moscow Provincial Gazette. 1851,
Egoriy Veshny/Korinfsky A.A. People's Russia. - Smolensk: Rusich, 1995. pp. 233-242.
Yegoryev day/ Russian holiday. Holidays and rituals of the folk agricultural calendar. - St. Petersburg: Art of St. Petersburg, 2001.SS.151-160
Yegoryev day, chapter in the book. Shmelev I. Summer of the Lord
Holidays in Ruza district in 1851//Folklore treasures of the Moscow land. T.1. Rituals and ritual folklore / comp. Introductory article, commentary, index and dictionaries by T.M. Ananicheva, E.A. Samodelova.- M.: Heritage, 1997.-424 p.
First cattle drive. Ruza. 1904. From the funds of the Ruza Museum of Local Lore