Home Cream Names of kindergartens in Japan. The best kindergarten in the world has been built in Japan. Current problems of preschool education

Names of kindergartens in Japan. The best kindergarten in the world has been built in Japan. Current problems of preschool education

Text: Elena Naidanova
photo from the archive of Zhanna Pyrchina

Zhanna Pyrcina is a kindergarten teacher in New Jersey, USA. Before moving to America, she worked for four years in Japan at a special school for children from 0 to 6 years old. Zhanna shared with Letidor her observations about the difference between preschool education in these two countries. As it turned out, in Japan there is no complementary feeding; children are aimed at teamwork, and the problem of lack of places in kindergarten is as acute as in Russia. In America, all personnel must be fingerprinted and know how to provide first aid, and children are aimed at individual success.

Japan: discipline and family values

Zhanna graduated from the Faculty of International Relations of Tomsk State University and moved to Kyoto, one of the largest cities in Japan, in 2006:

I expected to find a job in an office, but it turned out to be difficult; my knowledge was in demand in a preschool institution with a curriculum in English. In highly homogeneous Japan, where approximately 97% of the country's population is Japanese and speaks only Japanese, knowledge of English is highly valued; most educational institutions hire foreign teachers to learn and introduce foreign, mainly Western culture, and teach children English language. At the school where I worked, children from six months to 6 years old study, we communicated with the children only in English.

There are several types of preschools in Japan, private and public, full-time and part-time. The problem of lack of places in kindergartens and waiting lists are one of the norms of modern reality in Japan.

The cost of public preschool services is calculated based on family income and differs significantly from private kindergartens. For example, a month of a child’s stay in the first ones can vary from 100 to 300 dollars, while in private ones the cost can reach up to 1000 to 1500 dollars. However, all outdoor activities and excursions are paid separately.

All four years I worked as the main teacher in a group of children from one to three years old. Comfortable conditions, large rooms, a balanced ratio of teachers and children (depending on the age of 3-5 children per adult), the presence of assistants and assistants, a convenient schedule and a variety of activities allow you to focus on the educational process and achieve high results in terms of discipline.

The educational program was very rich, including game form we studied the world around us, colors, shapes, numbers, letters, days of the week, etc., used the Doman card system. The children also practiced music, sports, and learned the basics of theater skills. Great emphasis was placed on sign language, which helps develop hand motor skills and promotes speech development. For example, nonverbal 1-year-old children can show that they want to eat or sleep, report pain and discomfort, and show where it hurts.

Every month at an all-school meeting, the children and I organized a performance: we sang songs or danced. Once they staged a Chukchi dance to the song “I’ll take you to the tundra”, sewed national costumes, it took a couple of months to rehearse, but almost all the dancers moved in sync.

It must be said that Japanese children are very organized and disciplined thanks to the collective or group organization of the entire society. As a rule, they are calm and obedient. It’s hard to imagine a child throwing a public tantrum without parents raising their voices or spanking their children.

In Japan, the role of family is highly valued. The bond between mother and child is very strong, since right up to the very primary school they are in close physical and psychological interaction. For example, traditionally the whole family takes a bath together and sleeps in the same room. Children love and respect their parents so much that they simply do not want to upset them with whims or bad behavior. Also, from infancy, children get used to living in society and according to its laws. Mothers take their newborn children with them everywhere, for example, to a restaurant, where all conditions for comfort are created: at every step there are clean toilets, which have baby hygiene products, a changing table, and a place for feeding.

The status of a teacher in Japanese society is very high. The teacher is respected by both children and adults. Parents express the highest degree of respect when addressing, never contradict and often bring some kind of small gifts, treats or souvenirs. Also, the work of teachers is decently paid, especially in comparison with Russia.

At the school where I worked, CCTV cameras were installed in all rooms. Parents or leaders always have the opportunity to see what the children and the teacher are doing. In recent years, in Japan, as in other countries, the problem of the spread of illegal photography and video recording of children has arisen, but it has not been officially voiced. They are trying to legally protect children from unnecessary attention. For example, in preschool institutions it is prohibited to photograph and distribute photos and videos of other people's children without parental permission.

Teachers in schools and kindergartens do not have the right to carry a mobile phone with them, in order to also exclude the possibility of illegal photography or video recording.

Japan is rich in beautiful traditions and holidays, which are an integral part of the educational process and social life. Numerous festivals celebrate nature and seasonal changes. The New Year is characterized by new plans and expectations, the Japanese decorate the house with pine branches and bamboo, prepare special treats, wear festive kimonos and go to temples and parks. During the cherry blossom season in March-April, the whole family goes to admire this spectacle, sitting under the flowering trees and enjoying the delicacies they brought, children playing around.

The Tanabata Summer Star Festival is based on the legend of lovers Orihime and Hikoboshi (Shepherd and Weaver), separated forever by a celestial river. The stars Vega and Altair, located on both sides of the Milky Way, represent lovers and meet every year on the seventh night of the seventh month. On July 7th, the Japanese write down their wishes on pieces of colored paper and decorate bamboo branches with them. Many people wear summer kimonos and take part in parades and festive events: sing songs and dance. In autumn, the Japanese go to admire autumn leaves, which completes the annual cycle.

Japanese children are known to be very healthy and life expectancy in Japan is one of the highest in the world. One of the factors contributing to this is lifestyle and nutrition. In Japan, there is no concept of “complementary feeding” for children as such - from breastfeeding or artificial feeding children are transferred immediately to adult food. Products are not crushed or wiped.

Children, like adults, eat mainly rice, fish, legumes, vegetables and fruits. Instead of the usual porridge for breakfast, children are offered a set of dishes more like a Russian lunch. However, despite the insignificant figures, in recent years the problem of obesity has begun to emerge in Japan due to poor nutrition and the spread of fast food. Overweight children began to appear among younger schoolchildren.

A big difference from other countries exists in Japan regarding health, medicines and treatment of children. For example, children are not bundled up, as in Russia, but are dressed lightly. You can often see a picture where a mother walks in a jacket and a hat, and a child wears a light blouse and shorts. At the same time, children rarely get sick, and if they have a runny nose or cough, parents are in no hurry to give them medicine, only if the disease becomes complicated.

Despite the fact that the connection between generations is traditionally strong in Japan, the modern family (parents and children) mostly lives separately from grandparents, who spend some time with their grandchildren, but do not interfere in their lives and do not impose their opinions.

Since Japanese women often stop working completely when they have children and devote all their time to their families, nanny services are not popular - unlike in the United States, where nanny services are very common.

America: individualism and a lot of flour

Preschool education in America is very different from Japan. First of all, it is necessary to note the homogeneity of society in Japan, where incomes in different strata of society differ slightly. In the American system, the difference between the poor and the high-income people is huge. This creates all sorts of variations in development preschool education. There are private and public kindergartens and child care centers in the United States.

Most children from infancy to 3 years old attend private institutions, more than half of children three to five years old attend public kindergartens with a standard curriculum. In the last year, from five to six years old, children are preparing for school: attending lessons, doing homework and improving their knowledge and skills in languages, mathematics, social and natural sciences.

The cost of education directly depends on the quality determined by the level of education of teachers (the higher the degree of training of the teacher, the better), on the ratio of teachers to the number of children (the fewer children under the care of one adult, the more time is devoted to each specific child), and the availability of programs development and resources (the more varied and interesting the programs, the more materials, books and toys, the more useful it is for the mental and social development of preschoolers). Depending on the state and locality, the number of hours and quality, fees in kindergartens can start from $100 and reach two or more thousand dollars per month.

The American system encourages raising children in kindergartens and nurseries, which are in great demand by parents, since paid parental leave is 3 months, after which most parents go to work full time.

In the USA (New York - New Jersey region) I worked in a small private preschool institution, where the main task of the teacher, or rather the teacher, was to supervise and care for children (feeding, changing clothes, diapers, walks, naps, games, songs and reading books ). In a metropolis like New York, it often happens that there is no private area for walking and children visit neighboring parks and playgrounds.

The approaches to raising children in Japan and America are significantly different. In Japan, children are raised to be team-oriented, to succeed in a team, and to retain accumulated knowledge. In the USA, on the contrary, the success of a particular individual, self-confidence and the desire for something new are encouraged. For example, during the celebration of Christmas and Hanukkah in an American kindergarten, children completed their tasks and dispersed, doing personal things, not listening to each other's speeches.

In the USA, great importance is given to compliance with standards developed taking into account the needs of each specific state - the level of education and training of the teacher, the ratio of adults and children in the group, the absence of any discrimination and the inclusion of all groups of the population in the educational process, that is, children with special needs (disabled people, poor, socially and emotionally underdeveloped).

Video surveillance programs are ubiquitous. In order to begin activities in the kindergarten, all staff must provide fingerprints guaranteeing the absence of offenses and criminal records. Certification in first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation is required, as well as health screening and compliance with sanitary and epidemiological standards.

There is a big difference in American and Japanese hygiene and health rules and regulations. In Japan, changing shoes is mandatory in any preschool, but in America this is simply not provided for. The diet of an American preschooler is very different from that of his Japanese counterpart. Babies start with solid foods and purees, gradually moving on to porridges, cereals, soups, dairy products and sandwiches, and continuing with all kinds of pasta and meat products. In Japan, children with early age start drinking green tea and herbal drinks, but in America children drink water and milk.

According to my observations, the status of educators in the United States is low, as is the remuneration of work (relative to the overall economic picture and standard of living). Due to the great demand for private preschool institutions and the presence of a transparent system of registration and standardization of these institutions, I felt that opening a kindergarten in this country was quite promising.

Good afternoon, friends!

Today we will talk about preschool education in Japan. You can often find information about the unique Japanese method of raising children, and as an example, the quote is given as an example: “up to 5 years old, a child is a king, from 5 to 15 he is a slave, and after 15 he is an equal.” Other peoples also have different interpretations of this statement. Of course, this philosophical statement should not be taken literally. But really, a child’s life is divided into several periods, and the first is when the baby is admired, cherished, and pampered. With age, in addition to pleasures, a child acquires responsibility for his actions and a number of responsibilities; having reached a certain stage of growing up, yesterday’s child becomes a full and equal member of society. All this can be harmoniously and consistently observed in the child education system in Japan.

The history of the development of the education system, including preschool, goes back to the Meiji era. In 1876, the first kindergarten for wealthy families was opened in Japan. Kindergartens were designed to create an environment of interaction that would promote the mental and physical development of children, and although the role of the mother in raising children is universal, communication between children of the same age, including communication with the teacher, playing together and working together contributes to the healthy and harmonious development of the child, which cannot be obtained at home. Widespread preschool education received at the state level only after 1961. Today, almost every Japanese child attends a kindergarten or child care center.

Japanese society is characterized by kindness and love for children; the main and main source of such love is a woman. Until recently, in a Japanese family, a woman was considered the keeper of the hearth, a caring wife and a loving mother, whose responsibilities included the harmonious upbringing of a child. Recently, the situation has been changing, the Japanese are getting married later and later, and more and more often women want or are forced to work. Nevertheless, the majority of Japanese mothers raise children under 3 summer age at home and then sends the child to kindergarten for so-called socialization. We will consider below what types of preschool institutions there are in Japan.

Preschool education in Japan is presented as follows:

nurseries, child care centers (保育所) hoikuen,
kindergartens (幼稚園) yōchien,
special institutions for disabled people (特別支援学校)

Despite the fact that preschool education is not compulsory, nevertheless, kindergartens and nurseries are in great demand and, as a rule, in order to enroll a child in a kindergarten, it is necessary to take care of this in advance. On average, 25 thousand children are on the waiting list for a place in kindergarten.

In Japan, a child can be enrolled in a kindergarten from the age of three or, more often, from four years old; the duration of preschool education is 3 years, then the child enters primary school.

IN nurseries (child care center) p A baby can be arranged from three months old, but this event is very unpopular among the Japanese, since a woman who sent her child to a nursery at such an early age must have serious arguments. And such a woman from the side of society does not look like a good enough mother, and the opinion of the people around her is decisive for the Japanese. Nurseries in Japan only accept children of working parents. To do this, you must provide the municipality with certificates stating that the parents work and that there are no other family members who can care for the child. Nurseries are intended for child care; their activities do not include educational programs and, accordingly, they are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, and not to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, like all educational institutions.

The issue of enrolling a child in a preschool institution is decided by the municipality, regardless of the type of institution (public or private). By contacting the mayor's office, parents receive an atlas of kindergartens (nurseries), with directions, and data on the number of places in the preschool institution. Previously, parents can visit the kindergarten, talk with the staff and choose the kindergarten they like, but the final word will remain with the municipality; if there are free places, the parent receives permission to enroll in the kindergarten (nursery). You can enroll your child in kindergarten at any time of the year, but from April 1, there are many more such places due to the fact that the school year begins and some preschool graduates enter primary school.

The next question facing parents is which kindergarten to enroll their child in?

The preschool education system in Japan includes the following types of institutions:

state, prefectural, municipal
private

There are also kindergartens at schools and universities. That is, starting from kindergarten age, the child’s further education is already determined. Such specialized kindergartens provide an advantage for admission to the corresponding prestigious school and subsequently to the university.

To form a successful future child, parents adhere to a consistent policy in choosing preschool and educational institutions, this begins with placing the child in a prestigious kindergarten, then in the best elementary school, in secondary school, and so on until the child grows up. In order for the child to ultimately receive a decent profession and appropriate wages, parents are forced to invest a lot of money in education almost from his birth.

If for some reason the family does not send the child to kindergarten, then the mother herself must teach him everything that is required to enter school.

More than 80% of the preschool education system in Japan consists of private kindergartens and childcare centers.

There is not much difference between public and private preschool education in Japan. The system and approach to the educational process is built on the same principles in accordance with the Basic Law on Education of 2006. Also, payment for maintaining a child in a kindergarten of state or private ownership depends only on the income of the parents - the higher the family income, the higher the fee for kindergarten will be. The average payment ranges from $100 for low-income families to $500 for wealthy families. For nurseries (care centers), the age of the child also matters; the younger the child, the higher the cost. But still, the payment for a private garden is higher and, in addition to the monthly payment, includes an entrance fee, which can reach up to $1,000.

You will also have to pay for a uniform, which is required in all kindergartens. Each kindergarten has its own uniform: the same pants, skirts, blouses, shirts, hats and backpacks. Wearing a uniform is mandatory.

The quality of upbringing and maintenance of a child in a preschool institution largely depends not on whether the kindergarten is private or public, but on the specific kindergarten, the area in which it is located and the teaching staff. The size of the groups is also very different and ranges from 8 to 30-40 people.

Opening hours of preschools in Japan vary, for examplestate kindergartens There are two types - full-day kindergarten, the operating hours of such a kindergarten are daily plus Saturday (part-day). A child can be admitted to such a kindergarten if both parents work more than 4 hours a day. Mornings in the kindergartens, as a rule, begin at 8 o’clock; you can pick up your child at any time until 5 o’clock; for an additional fee, the child can be looked after until 7 o’clock in the evening. And the second type of kindergarten, a kindergarten that accepts children for half a day. In case of unforeseen situations, such as a storm warning, parents are required to pick up their children from preschool.

Nowadays, young mothers buy or sew smart, beautiful felt books for their child’s development. They are very colorful, pleasant to the touch and safe. Children develop motor skills and imagination. The books are intended for children aged one year and older. They are good because they are prepared individually and can be made to order for any age and any configuration. You can view and purchase at Instagram ymnaya kniga – Educational books for children

In kindergartens, parental involvement in the educational process is very high. For our citizens, who are accustomed to sending their children to kindergarten early in the morning and picking them up after work, it is very unusual and difficult to get used to the operating hours of kindergartens in Japan, since the process of raising children requires constant presence and active participation parents. A child is without a parent for no more than two, maximum four hours. At the same time, education is carried out not only for children, but also for parents.

In nurseries, it is practiced to keep notebooks in which the teacher makes notes about the child’s activities during the day: how he slept, ate, how he felt, and so on; a response is also expected from the parent. Teachers and parents record interesting observations and their opinions about raising a particular child. The entire process of raising children is built on close cooperation between teacher and parent. But it should be noted that the teacher (educator) is the leading party in this process. He can point out the shortcomings and omissions that, in his opinion, parents make in raising children, and his words should not just be taken into account, but are a guide to action. The teaching staff of preschool institutions trains parents in methods of raising children, and parents' meetings are held regularly. Mothers of children, as a rule, often communicate with each other, create “mother’s” committees to resolve various issues, and visit sports days, observation days and other events organized in children's institutions.

But first of all, the preschool education of Japanese children begins at home; it is the parents who instill in their children a certain manner of behavior, through their actions and deeds they teach their children kindness, politeness, responsiveness and independence. Emotional connection The relationship between a child and his mother is very high and losing his mother’s goodwill is worse than any punishment for him. In Japanese families, as a rule, the child is never punished or told the word no; instead, the phrase may be said that the child’s actions may upset mom, dad or someone else, and for educational purposes the expression is used that the child’s action may not to please someone. This someone is invisibly nearby throughout a Japanese person’s entire life, and public opinion is very important to a Japanese person.

The foundations of education laid down in the family develop in conditions of collective cooperation of children. The teacher, teaching children to interact, creates small groups - khan, in these groups children learn communication skills and independence. Children are taught to express their opinions while listening and taking into account the opinions of other group members; children themselves create comfort and order in their groups, clean, care for flowers, and even prepare their own lunch. In this way, children are taught group behavior. In the event of a quarrel or fight between group members, the teacher is in no hurry to intervene, because he believes that the child himself must learn to resolve conflicts and this will help him become stronger.

In the process of preschool education, there is a constant change of groups and teachers. This is necessary so that the child does not get used to the same people, to the same environment, but learns to live in society. Children in kindergartens learn to write and read, but the most important thing in visiting a kindergarten is the socialization of the child. He is taught to live in a group, to live in the interests of the group.

Preschool education in Japan includes five areas:

social relations
health, safety
environment
expression of feelings

Thanks to the principles of such state policy in the field of preschool and school education, Japanese children are instilled with sports and hardening skills. Often on Japanese streets you can see a child in October wearing a gardener's uniform and short shorts; children are practiced walking barefoot in the cold season. Children are taught to communicate in the family and in society, to be self-sufficient and to develop new skills by studying folk tales and by reading books, children become accustomed to language and culture. The principles of preschool education in Japan are designed to raise a healthy, independent, comprehensively developed member of society who knows and loves his culture and country.

Kindergartens also provide educational programs; in addition to writing and reading, singing is taught, sports competitions are held, and hikes are regularly organized. But with all this, all these events are carried out with the aim of developing a sense of collectivism in the child. If you sing, then in chorus, solo singing is categorically not encouraged, if competitions are held, then everyone or the group wins, but in no case a specific child.

Regular group hikes for the whole day are carried out with the aim of developing endurance and exploring their region. Japanese children have a very keen sense and love of nature. This is probably why trees are so popular in Japan, natural phenomena and others. Children who have been instilled with a love of beauty since childhood and taught to understand nature carry this throughout their entire lives.

Despite all the positive aspects of raising children in Japan, there is a common belief outside the country that the Japanese are overly instilled with a sense of collectivism, which erases their individuality. A person who shows his individuality is not very welcome in Japanese society. This does not mean that in Japan everyone is one and does not stick out, no, you just have to look at photographs of young people and you can see that these are quite bright and liberated young people, but they live and position themselves in groups and this is a certain stage of their maturation. Having graduated from college, bright and extraordinary youth join the ranks of law-abiding and hardworking citizens of Japan.

You can read how children are raised in Japan in the book. This, one might say, is a practical guide to instilling the necessary skills in a child at a certain age. The book will be of interest to both young mothers and people interested in Japanese culture.

I bring to your attention toys for children from 2 to 5 years old:

Japan, modeling, set of kitchen toys (material - wood), cost - 3641.99 rubles.

Modeling, doctor's first aid kit (material - wood), cost - 2212.88 rubles.

Modeling, kitchen, ice cream pyramid (material - wood), cost - 1643.42 rubles.

Toy “Cake Decoration” (material - wood), cost - 1820.69 rubles.

The system of raising children in Japan is built on traditions. Starting from birth, the educational process is regulated according to gender. A variety of approaches and techniques are used.

Age periods in raising Japanese children

The educational system of Japanese children, as mentioned above, begins at a very young age and is divided into three main stages:

"Emperor" (from birth to 5 years). The stage is characterized by a policy of complete permissiveness. The child does not hear reproach and does not receive punishment for his actions. Parents have the right only to warn and explain. If a child is injured, the mother becomes guilty and immediately asks the child for forgiveness. Fathers at this stage take an indirect part in upbringing. Their communication with the child is limited to weekends.

This format of communication inevitably leads to the appearance of spoiled traits and whims, but this is corrected at the next stage of education.

“Slave” (from 5 to 15 years). As soon as a child goes to an educational institution for the first time, the format of education changes radically. The Japanese believe that intelligence is formed during this age period, so the child is constantly burdened with all sorts of tasks, both educational and social, and is severely reprimanded for failure to fulfill them. Discipline and appearance plays an important role, due to this, children during this period learn that they are part of a society with equal rights and responsibilities. Thus, attention is focused on the secondary importance of financial status and family origin.
“Equal” (from 15 years old). This is an important period of upbringing, where the child already fully understands his responsibility to society and family for his actions. He strives to strictly comply with the norms and rules accepted in society. Failure to comply with traditions in educational institutions leads to severe reprimand, however, in their free time, everyone is free to choose how to dress and spend their time.

This system has no equal, and if you compare the upbringing of children in Japan and England, for example, you will notice that unlike the British, who believe that excessive expression of love harms the child’s character, the Japanese still universally express love for children , but share family and social behavior.

Early development

In Japanese society special attention is given to raising young children, since the Japanese believe that it is early development can create the foundation for the correct formation of personality. A similar idea is described in M. Ibuka’s book “After Three It’s Too Late.” At this age, namely up to 3 years, the formation of the foundations of personality occurs. Learning goes faster and the main task of the parent becomes creating necessary conditions to realize the child's potential. During early education, the following principles prevail:

Stimulation of cognition through the development of interest.
Character education.
Development of creativity and other skills.

Kindergartens in Japan

Note 1

Until the age of three, the dominant role in raising a child is assigned to the mother. Society does not welcome nursery education, although such institutions are present in Japan, but a mother who decides to give her child to outsiders is condemned by society, and her behavior is considered selfish.

Despite this attitude, public or private kindergartens are common in Japan.

Definition 1

Hoikuen- state nurseries. Children are admitted to such institutions from an early age of 3 months. The child can be in the garden from 8 am to 6 pm, as well as on Saturdays during the first half of the day. Parents must have really compelling reasons for their child to be admitted to such a kindergarten, for example, they may need to provide documentation that the parents work more than 4 hours a day. Payment directly depends on family income.

Definition 2

Etien– public and private kindergartens. A child can stay in such institutions for no more than 7 hours a day, usually from 9 am to 2 pm.

There are also elite kindergartens at prestigious universities, but getting there is extremely difficult. However, if parents are lucky enough to place their child in such an institution, then his future fate will be predetermined. After studying in kindergarten, the child will receive an education at a university school, and after that he will be able to enter this university without exams and subsequently get a prestigious, well-paid job. Due to such privileges, enrollment in such a kindergarten is carried out on the basis of complex testing; training is also paid and not every family is able to afford it.

Features of education in kindergarten

The specifics of raising children in Japanese kindergartens differ significantly from Russian ones. Features are as follows:

Modest environment in the institution.
A strictly balanced and specially designed menu with a predominance of dairy products, fruits and vegetables.
Small groups of up to 8 people with a tendency to periodically re-form to ensure broad socialization of the child.
Frequent changes of teachers to avoid personal attachment.
The main task is education. In addition to preparing for school, most of the time is spent learning the basics of collective behavior.

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In Russia, many children go to kindergarten. Parents know the daily routine, walking times and what their children are fed. How are things going in kindergartens in other countries?

Kindergartens in the UK

In the UK, kindergartens are divided into two types - public and private.

State kindergartens in the UK are free. Parents can send their children to such institutions starting from the age of three. A child has the right to 15 hours of free stay in a state child care institution. Even children whose parents live in the country illegally can go to such kindergartens.

Private kindergartens in the UK are very expensive and only the very wealthy can afford them.

Children can eat what is provided in the garden or bring food with them. No one is perplexed if a child eats a hamburger, chocolate or cookies for lunch.

Daytime naps in English kindergartens are not accepted for children over two or three years old. But if necessary, the child can be put to sleep anywhere - even in the playroom.

In English kindergartens, it is considered the norm for three-year-old children to wear diapers. Diapers are changed several times a day, but not very often.

Another feature of kindergartens in the UK that surprises us: a runny nose, cough and even a low temperature are not a reason not to go to kindergarten. No one pays attention to these childhood ailments.

Kindergartens in Germany

In Germany, children are sent to kindergarten from the age of 3. Payment for kindergarten depends on the income of the parents. There are benefits for low-income families. The approximate cost of a nursery is 80 euros, kindergartens - 50 euros.

In Germany, kindergartens are open until lunchtime, but there are some where you can leave your child even overnight. Lunch costs 60-100 euros per month, but if desired, the child can bring lunch from home.

Kindergartens do not burden children with lessons and information. It is believed that children should have a childhood, and they will receive all their knowledge at school. Therefore, here children sing, draw, dance, and sculpt. At the same time, a lot of attention is paid to communication.

In Germany there is such a thing as a “children's scholarship”. From birth until the age of 18, children receive scholarships of approximately 190 euros per month.

Kindergartens in Israel

Kindergartens are open in Israel all year round. There are two-week holidays only in August. Kindergartens are open from 7 am to 5 pm from Sunday to Thursday and from 7:00 to 12:30 on Fridays.

Groups range from 8 to 24 children. There are only 9-10 children per teacher.

Education in Israeli public kindergartens is free. Children attend additional classes: music, rhythm, yoga, English and other lessons as desired.

Kindergartens in Spain

In Spain, children begin attending kindergarten at age 3, with compulsory preschool attendance starting at age 6. This is a transitional stage - from the last “class” of kindergarten (in our country preparatory group) to primary school. If parents do not send their child to study at this age, they may be held administratively liable.

In a kindergarten in Spain, children walk 2-3 times a day and eat 2 times a day. The rest of the time is devoted to classes.

Kindergartens in Italy

Italian gardens are divided into two types: public and private. The cost of attending kindergarten, as in Germany, depends on family income. The amounts are very different - from 4 to 400 euros per month.

Child meals in kindergarten are paid separately - 2-3 euros per day.

Children are picked up from kindergartens until 16:30, but parents can agree to leave their child until 18:30. To do this, you need to present proof of employment and pay an additional fee of approximately 60 euros per year.

In an Italian kindergarten, children are engaged in drawing, music, dancing and other creative activities, and English.

Kindergartens in China

In China, children are accepted into nurseries from about one year old. The groups are large, much like ours. The daily routine is also similar. Children sleep, have lunch, walk. But there is still a difference.

Here, much attention is paid to preparing for school life: children from the age of three begin to learn to read and write. They are even given homework. But due to the heavy workload, children move little, sit at their desks for a long time and play board games.

Almost all gardens have their own shape. Children are often taken for walks.

Kindergartens in the USA

In the USA, for example, parents have to hire a nanny or look for a preschool institution, since maternity leave there isn't. Sending a child to kindergarten is an expensive proposition. How younger child, the more expensive his stay in the garden. Sometimes a month of classes is a mother’s entire salary.

There are no public gardens in America. All preschool institutions are paid. Kindergartens in the USA large number, and often they are specialized: with an emphasis on artistic direction or, for example, focusing on intellectual development kids. Such a pastime costs parents $1,000 a month, or even more!

You can send your child to kindergarten from one month to four years. Five-year-old children attend special groups at school. There is no age division in the groups. All children can play together.

Children can also eat in the garden or eat what they bring with them. It is considered normal for a child to have pizza or french fries for lunch. Another significant difference from our gardens is that there are no beds for sleeping here, except for babies. Children sleep on rugs.

If a child does not want to sleep, they will not force him. In US child care institutions there is no parent meetings. The teacher communicates with parents one-on-one or via email.

Kindergartens in Finland

In Finland, parents mostly send their children to public kindergartens. If they choose a private kindergarten, the state can bear part of the costs.

Before entering kindergarten, a teacher comes to the child to draw up an individual development plan and get acquainted with his habits, regime, and nutrition.

In the kindergarten, children do not have classes as such, but there are no restrictions: the main task is to ensure that the child does not harm himself or others. Children can lie quietly on the ground or sit in a puddle.

Children are accepted into kindergartens in Finland from the age of 9 months. There are 4 children under three years old or 7 children after three years of age per teacher. There are a total of 21 children in the groups.

Mostly during classes, children sing, read fairy tales, and prepare concerts for the holidays.

Kindergartens in Sweden

There are public and private kindergartens in Sweden. Enrolling a child in kindergarten is not difficult. Parents pay for their child's preschool attendance depending on their income.

In Swedish kindergartens, families with two or more children are provided with benefits. The state pays for the education of the second child and subsequent children in kindergarten, or they are given a significant discount.

If parents do not have the necessary income, they do not pay for their child’s education, but the child spends fewer hours in kindergarten than other children.

Here the emphasis is on physical development children. They do a lot of exercise and play outdoors. They are allowed to get dirty, lie on the ground, and walk through puddles. In this country they believe that a dirty child is happy child. Sometimes children even sleep on the streets in sleeping bags. This strengthens their immune system and instills a love for nature.

Kindergartens in Japan

In Japan, it is sometimes very difficult to get into kindergarten, and the Japanese pay for it depending on their family income. Japanese kindergartens can be called “adult”: after three years, children already play sports, play musical instruments, but do not play with toys; Japanese kindergartens do not provide them. There is also no “quiet hour” break. Children are taken home at 2 pm. It is interesting that children in kindergartens in Japan are not fed; pupils bring their own food.

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PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION IN JAPAN

In Japan, the public education system is preceded by preschool education of children in kindergartens (yochien), which are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health. Children attend kindergartens from 3 months to 6 years. In order for a child to attend kindergarten, this must be justified with very compelling reasons. In particular, bring documents stating that both parents work more than 4 hours a day. Children are accommodated through the municipal department at their place of residence, and payment depends on family income. Currently, there has been a sharp increase in the number of kindergartens - 85% of Japanese children attend them. The reason for this growth is the high employment of women in various spheres of public life.

Preschool education of Japanese and Russian children has much in common, as Japanese teachers themselves admit. The task of kindergartens is the mental and physical education of children, instilling communication skills and preparing them for school. At the same time, the strong influence of the Walfdorf school is felt, which is manifested in the fact that the emphasis in education is on the physical development of children. Teachers, regardless of age, participate in all physical exercises and games along with children. A mandatory requirement in every kindergarten is the presence of a sports ground, sauna, and swimming pool. Sometimes, in order to save land, children attending kindergarten and primary school use one sports ground.

In Japanese kindergartens, as in Russian ones, classes are planned to develop musical, artistic abilities. But the content of these classes has a clearly national character. Thus, in teaching music, preference is given to choral singing. According to Japanese ideas, singling out a soloist is not pedagogical. And singing in chorus helps to foster a sense of unity with the group. In class applied creativity children's education plays an important role ancient art– origami (folding paper figures), oyachiro (weaving patterns from a thin rope stretched over the fingers), especially since these activities perfectly develop fine motor skills, which schoolchildren need when writing hieroglyphs. This principle of education in the spirit national traditions continues in school lessons in music, home economics, and applied arts. Training is conducted using Western technologies, but Eastern morality is professed. In this way, the originality of education is preserved.

The environment inside the kindergarten, by our standards, is very modest. Upon entering the building, the visitor finds himself in a large corridor, on one side of which there are sliding windows from floor to ceiling, and on the other - sliding doors (entrance to the rooms). As a rule, one room serves as a dining room, a bedroom, and a study area. When bedtime comes, caregivers take futons—thick mattresses—from the built-in closets and lay them out on the floor. And during lunch, tables and chairs are brought into the same room from the corridor. Special attention is paid to nutrition in kindergartens. The menu is carefully developed and necessarily includes dairy products, vegetables and fruits. Even the vitamin and mineral composition of dishes and their calorie content are calculated. If children go on a walk or excursion for the whole day, and this happens about once a month, every mother should prepare a bento for her child - a lunch box. But if in such cases we limit ourselves to sandwiches, then the culinary art of the Japanese mother is worthy of admiration. Such a lunch must meet mandatory requirements, namely, include 24 (!) types of products.

Groups in Japanese gardens are small - 8-10 people, and their composition is reorganized every six months. This is done in order to provide children with more ample opportunities for socialization. If a child does not have good relationships in one group, then it is quite possible that he will make friends in another. The teachers are also constantly changing. This is done so that children do not get used to them too much. Such attachments, the Japanese believe, give rise to children's dependence on their mentors. There are situations when some teacher dislikes a child, but things will work out with another teacher. good relationship, and the baby will not think that all adults do not love him.

The main task of a Japanese kindergarten is not educational, but educational: to teach the child to behave in a team. In later life he will have to constantly be in some kind of group, and this skill will be necessary. Children are taught to analyze conflicts that arise in games. At the same time, you should try to avoid rivalry, since the victory of one may mean the “loss of face” of the other. And this contradicts the so-called “group consciousness” of Japanese society. The most productive solution to conflicts, according to the Japanese, is compromise. Even in the ancient Constitution of Japan it was written that the main dignity of a citizen is the ability to avoid contradictions. The main task of Japanese pedagogy is to educate a person who can work harmoniously in a team. To live in Japanese society, a society of groups, it is extremely necessary to cultivate group consciousness, the foundations of which are laid in preschool children's institutions in Japan.