Fomichev Egor

Research work "How are felt boots born?" completed by student Egor Fomichev, under the guidance of the teacher primary classes Ermakova Tatyana Vladimirovna.

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Municipal government educational institution

"Novoyarkovsk secondary school"

Kamensky district

Topic: “How is a felt boot born?”

Nomination: “Technology”

Novoyarki 2013

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………
..........................
1.1. The history of felt boots………..……...…
How felt boots were treated in the past.………………
How do they treat felt boots these days…………………………….
1.4. About the benefits of felt boots
Chapter II. …………………………
2.1. How to make felt boots...................................... 2.2. Making felt boots at home
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..
Bibliography…………………………………………………………

Introduction

Felt boots, felt boots...oh, the old ones are not hemmed...

In a region with such a harsh climate as Siberia, without warm clothes and no shoes allowed. As they say, without a fur coat and felt boots and winter without end! In felt boots you are not afraid of the most severe frosts. This unique shoe - without beginning, without end, without seam, without scar - was held in high esteem in Rus' by every rank and class, even by crowned heads.

I became interested in finding out how an ordinary piece of wool turns into felt boots and whether it is possible to make felt boots at home.

The purpose of my research:

Find out how felt boots are born.

Tasks:

1. Find out when and where the first felt boots appeared.

2. Assess the attitude of our school students towards felt boots.

3. Study the process of making felt boots.

4. Make felt boots at home.

Object my research are felt boots.

Item research – wool felting technology.

Hypothesis: I suggested that having studied the process of felting felt boots and having learned all the secrets of felting masters, even a junior school student can make decorative felt boots at home.

Chapter I. Where and when did the first felt boots appear?

1.1.History of the appearance of felt boots

The history of the creation of felt boots began approximately 1500 years ago, the prototype of which were boots made of felt. They were mainly worn by the nomads of the Great Steppe and Southern Rus'. Some sources believe that felt boots began to appear in early XVIII V. Felt boots were widely used only at the beginning of the 19th century, when they began to be made for industrial purposes. Until this time, only wealthy people could afford them; they were quite expensive.

Since the middle of the 18th century, the Yaroslavl province has been considered the center of the fulling trade; subsequently, local sheep breeding was increased. Wool for the production of felt boots, from the Romanov breed of sheep, is the best raw material, it is characterized by increased “felling ability”. In the Yaroslavl province in 1904, the largest factory at that time for the production of felt boots was founded

Felt boots have become such a part of our lives that it seems they have existed from time immemorial. However, the widespread idea of ​​the antiquity of felt boots is erroneous. In fact, neither under Peter I, nor even more so under Dmitry Donskoy, there were felted shoes. The first felt boots, according to costume historians, appeared in the Semenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province only at the very end of the 18th century (although residents of the Yaroslavl province and the ancient town of Myshkin defend their patent for their invention). Earlier information about the existence of felt boots cannot be traced either from ethnographic data or from historical documents.

But the material from which felt boots are made has been known since the 4th century BC - it is to this time that archaeologists attribute the wool products discovered in Altai during excavations of the Pazyryk mound.

The most ancient felted products sheep wool- carpets and saddle cloths. This method of processing wool was well known to the nomadic tribes of the Eurasian steppes, as well as to the mountain pastoralists of Tibet, the Pamirs, the Caucasus and the Carpathians. From felted felt they sewed warm and reliable coverings for the home - felt mats, made felt pillows, sleeping mats, shoe insoles and stocking liners. leather boot. Thus, it is possible that wool-making penetrated into the vastness of Ancient Rus' thanks to the neighborhood and constant contacts with the Turkic peoples.

1.2.How felt boots were treated in the past

As already mentioned, the first felt boots in the form of a solid boot appeared at the end of the 18th century. But since there were few felting artisans, and the production technology was kept secret, passed down from generation to generation (industrial production of felt boots began only at the end of the 19th century), felt boots were expensive, they were worn only by wealthy people. They treated felt boots with trepidation: upon entering new house, the owner put them in a place of honor near the stove. A family that had at least one felt boots was considered rich. They were cherished, worn according to seniority and passed on as inheritance. Receiving such a gift was considered good luck. The one who had felt boots was considered an enviable groom among the girls. And an unmarried girl, in order to attract the attention of her beloved guy, threw her felt boots into his yard - they say, send matchmakers.

The royals also did not neglect felt boots. A great fashionista and owner of a huge wardrobe, Catherine the Great wore felt boots under her crinoline, thus saving her sore legs. Soft combs made of fine black wool were specially invented for her.

The merit of felt boots in wartime is invaluable. In winter, our soldiers were dressed only in felt boots. They say that the shortage of felt products was due to the defeat in the Finnish war. But we defeated Napoleon and Hitler thanks to a sufficient amount of warm shoes.

Without felt boots, it would be impossible to explore the northern regions and equip expeditions to the North and South Poles.

1.3.How are felt boots treated these days?

Over the past decades, felt boots have become less popular due to the transformation of Russian winters into soft and slushy ones, being replaced by lighter and more water-resistant shoes. Felt boots are considered traditional village shoes; in cities they are usually worn by small children, or they are worn in severe frosts, when other shoes offer little protection from the cold.

However, today felt boots are regaining the love of city residents, and for designers and fashion designers they are becoming an attractive object of creativity.

I became interested in how the students of our school feel about felt boots. We prepared small questionnaires and asked schoolchildren from grades 1 to 11 to answer several questions regarding felt boots.

Questionnaire:

1. Have you ever worn felt boots?
2. Do you have felt boots?
3. Do you know the technology for making felt boots?
4. Do you know about the healing properties of felt boots?
5. Do you think that felt boots are necessary footwear for winter?

The survey results are shown in the diagram in Fig. 1

The diagram shows the positive responses from survey participants. 75 students participated in the survey, approximately the same number from primary school, middle school and high school. The diagram shows that primary school students, compared to high school students, answered positively to questions 1 and 2 regarding the presence of felt boots in children and the wearing of felt boots. And to the remaining questions, the junior grades gave fewer positive answers than the high school students; these are questions related to the technology of making felt boots and the benefits of felt boots; the high school students turned out to be more knowledgeable. But to the last question, almost all students gave a positive answer, and kids and adults agreed that felt boots are simply necessary for our winter.

1.4.About the benefits of felt boots

Felt boots are a useful thing. In every way. And all thanks to sheep wool. It not only reliably warms, but also heals. The healing properties of felt shoes were noticed back in the time of Peter I. Medicine confirms the beneficial effects of felt boots on human health.

· Natural fibers of felt felt wool have a high heat capacity, which allows your feet not to freeze at very low temperatures

· Felt boots protect a person’s foot not only from cold, but also from heat. Feet in felt boots do not sweat, since wool fibers provide natural air circulation.

· Natural sheep's wool perfectly absorbs and evaporates moisture, while remaining dry. It is this dry heat that helps with colds.

· Wool is rich in lanolin, which brings relief from rheumatism, radiculitis and other diseases of muscles and joints, as well as accelerating the healing of wounds and fractures.

· Felt boots are also often recommended for people with impaired circulatory system. When worn on a bare foot, felted shoes have a massage effect. Due to friction, an electrostatic field is created, which helps improve blood circulation.

· Felt boots are very useful for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, because the foot in such shoes does not deform, in addition, felted shoes allow air to pass through, which prevents the development of fungal diseases.

· Felt boots help relieve nervous tension, a feeling of fatigue and heaviness in the legs, and back pain.

· Natural wool felt boots have positive energy for humans.

Chapter II. Felt boots manufacturing technology

2.1.How boots are made

The production of real felt boots is very labor-intensive. The expression “simple as felt boots” can only be attributed to their shape. In handicraft production, the raw material for making felt boots is usually sheep wool - letnina, or shreds, removed from sheep in the summer. First, it is freed from impurities - blades of grass, thorns - and broken down, turning it into a soft and fluffy mass. The more summer boots there are, the softer they are.

The loosened wool is folded into the shape of a large sock and begins to be rolled, or more correctly, felted. This is where the word felt boots comes from (the second name is wire rods or katants). They do this with their hands (which requires a lot of strength) and by twisting it onto a special rolling pin that looks like a tetrahedral stick. The result is a thick, dense wool sock. To make the felt boots soft, pour hot water over them and continue felting. As the felling process progresses, the felt boots become smaller and smaller. Then the felt boot toe and heel are made. To make the felt boots warmer and denser, they are ground on a special board with ribs. It's called derguch. Then the felt boots are put on a collapsible wooden block and straightened with a wooden mallet. Then the surface of the felt boots is rubbed with pumice and placed in an oven to dry. For final finishing, the dried felt boots are rubbed again with pumice or a wooden block.

In addition to the usual technology, there were many different “secrets”. Thus, alum, copper sulfate and blue sandalwood were used to blacken felt, and to lighten the felt the master used white mixed with fresh milk. The resulting mixture was rubbed into felt until dry and placed in a low-heat oven “to free spirit”

2.2.Making felt boots at home

Having studied the technology of making felt boots, we went to the famous teacher and pimokat of our village and Yakov Ivanovich Glebov, who talked about how he himself made felt boots. He warned us that the process was complex and time-consuming, but we still tried to make small decorative felt boots ourselves. We took a small amount of wool, combed it and wrapped it in felt boots, then dipped the pieces in hot water and crushed them with our fingers and a rolling pin. Do this several times. The felt boots turned out soft and not very correct form. We did not have necessary tools and accessories, but still, we ended up with real felt boots, albeit decorative ones.

Conclusion

At the beginning of the research, I wanted to find out how felt boots are born.

Using various sources of information: Internet resources, a conversation with a specialist, a survey, I found out:

1. The roots of fulling art go back centuries;
2. The students of our school generally have a positive attitude towards felt boots; many have felt boots and wear them, and more younger students than older ones. But little is known about the manufacturing technology and benefits of felt boots.
3. To make felt boots, a property of wool fibers called felling ability is used. Processing wool with water and an alkaline solution, as well as using a collapsible block, handicraftsmen roll warm shoes - one of the symbols of Russia - felt boots.
4. Making felt boots is a complex and labor-intensive process, but even at home it is possible to make felt boots.

To summarize, I can draw a general conclusion: my assumption that it is possible to make felt boots at home was confirmed. I have learned from my own experience that felting is a long process, requiring effort and perseverance, but at the same time very exciting. It’s amazing how a felt boot is created from a piece of unspun wool by friction and soaking - the face of our culture, cheerful, laughing, warm, cozy, welcoming and very simple.

Sources

1. Burakova A. There is something to wear to a sweetheart // Ethnosphere. - 2008. - N 2. - P. 43-46.

2. Valenki. Book for everyone who knows the price of this will notice. rus. shoes - M.: Resurrection, 1994. - 221 p.

3. Gusev F. How felt and felt boots are made. Guide for handicraftsmen / Gusev F. - L.: Publishing house "Mysl", 1925. - 32 p.

4. Kruglova G. Let’s roll our felt boots // Folk art. – 2004. - N 6. - P. 34-37.

5. Electronic resource: http://istoriya-sozdaniya.ru/index.php/v/52-istoriya-valenki

6. Electronic resource: http://www.apatitylibr.ru/index.php/

The production of felt boots has remained unchanged for several hundred years. The raw material is natural wool, which shrinks greatly during the manufacturing process, resulting in the best winter shoes for frosty and dry winters.

What are felt boots

Felt boots are a type of winter footwear made from tightly knit natural wool. In the most severe frosts, they retain heat and save the legs from frostbite, and the entire body from hypothermia, even in the Far North. The material for shoes is sheep's wool, which is felted (rolled). The wool processing technology goes through the stage of simultaneous steaming and shrinking into a dense material from which the product is molded. The name of shoes, so common in the past, comes from the name of the production process - felting.

Felt boots are produced in many types. Classic models are made of tightly knitted thick wool with a medium-height shaft. They are comfortable, lightweight, durable. They are worn in the cold season in dry weather. IN autumn period or in slushy winters, rubber galoshes are worn over felt boots. Natural wool gets trampled quite quickly, so the sole used to be often hemmed with leather. In urban conditions, felt boots were in little demand, but in the vast expanses of the province they are still relevant.

Until recently, traditional shoes were not of interest to the majority of the population; felt boots were worn only by small children. Now fashion has begun to return to natural materials and traditional crafts, which is associated with new opportunities and design discoveries.

History of felt boots

There were times when felt boots were considered a symbol of prosperity and great wealth, and shoe sellers were subject to heavy taxes. The production of felt boots was a secret for most mortals, and master felters kept their secrets secret, preferring to pass them on only to family members. It is assumed that the prototype of felt boots was pima, the footwear of nomads.

It is believed that felted shoes appeared at the end of the 18th century in the town of Myshkin, Yaroslavl province. Peter I introduced the fashion for felt boots at court; he put them on after a bath or wore them in winter. Empress Catherine the Great used felt boots to treat foot disease, and Elizabeth, by decree, allowed court ladies to wear these shoes, complete with lush dresses. Stormy innovations in Rus' were periodic, some of them were provoked by Peter I, who was distinguished by his broad-mindedness and practicality; under his rule, felt boots became available to all segments of the population.

The production of felted shoes on an industrial scale began in the 19th century. Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev were lovers of felt boots. During the war years, felt boots were part of the winter uniform for soldiers and higher officers. Today, mandatory equipment with traditional shoes remains relevant for special forces of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

The production of felt boots is experiencing a renaissance today; they are becoming favorite objects for the application of strength and imagination among designers, which resonates with the buyer. Decorated with skillful embroidery, ribbons, and natural fur, felt boots, as in ancient times, create comfortable conditions for their owner, fulfilling the main purpose of keeping warm in cold weather.

Types of wool

To make the best felt boots in Rus', sheep wool was most often used, but goat, dog, and rabbit wool were also used. Sheep wool was valued for its high wearability and healing qualities. The wool was carded, compacted (felted) and a durable material was obtained. Further shaping manipulations were carried out manually.

The final color of the product depended on the raw materials, white ones were considered the most luxurious, they were produced using the wool of Mongolian fine-wool sheep, gray felt boots were made from sheep wool imported from Central Asia or the Caucasus. Sometimes shoes were made from materials that were not inferior in quality to their analogues, but felt boots made from them were fluffier and not as light.

Types of felt boots

Modern models are made from rabbit, sheep, goat wool, and there are products made from mohair and felt. Felt boots are divided into several types, depending on the materials and models used:

• Classic felt boots made of 100% wool, made by padding the material.
• Shoes with soles.
• Classic felt boots with welded rubber soles.
• Felt boots with fur. Such models are made of thin felt, insulated with several layers of batting, and the inside is lined with flannelette lining. The sole is rubber. This is a more modern option that appeals to city dwellers and can be worn in any weather.

Technological process

One of best options boots for winter cold are felt boots. Production (Russia) is based on old principles that have not changed since the 19th century. The technology looks schematically like this:

• The wool obtained in rolls is torn into small fibers and dried, for this it is sent to a carding machine. The material used is not washed, which is important for compliance with the technology.
• The dried raw materials are sent for processing to a wool carding machine, where the material receives a single structure. After which the products are cut to size. At this stage, the felt boots are four times larger than they should be.
• The tailored parts are sent to a rolling machine, where they are subjected to steam treatment and mechanical shrinkage, after which they are boiled in hot water. At this stage, compaction occurs, the wool shrinks to 80% of the original workpiece. Then they put it on the block, stretching it and giving it its final shape, and then dry it.
• Dried shoes are additionally beaten with birch mallets to give greater density.
• In the finishing shop, in classic models, the upper part of the shaft is cut off to obtain a smooth edge. But modernity has made its own adjustments, and now felt boots are embroidered with threads, beads, and rhinestones. Frequent finishing has become the use of the technique of artistic drawing with felt, adding natural fur and other design finds.

Equipment

Today, many have opened small companies where felt boots are made. Production (Russia) was previously divided into industrial and handicraft. The equipment needed for a small and large workshop is the same, the only difference is in scale and productivity. What equipment is required to produce felt boots?

• Industrial or household carding machine.
• Vibropress with steam supply.
• Industrial washing machine.
• Drying chamber.
• if the model range is represented not only by classics (semi-automatic press for vulcanizing rubber soles, etc.).
• Equipment: pads, beaters, etc.

Industrial and handicraft production

The industrial production of felt boots allows the production of up to 60 pairs of shoes per day, the artisanal version - up to 2-3 pairs. Any factory producing felt boots produces not only shoes, but related products: blankets, pillows, slippers, rugs and much more.

Products are popular today self made, including felt boots. Experienced craftsmen make them aesthetically pleasing, with a modern range of models. But no amount of manual effort can felt the wool to the desired state described in GOST standards. The factory for the production of felt boots will always provide its products with a certificate of conformity and useful tips for caring for the purchased pair.

Factories for the production of felted shoes

In the old days, entire volosts were engaged in felting; the occupation was difficult, but brought sufficient income to the artels. Now in Russia such shoes are produced industrially. Factories for the production of felt boots are located in several regions, there are about fifteen of them in total, the top five are as follows:

• The largest player in this market is the Yaroslavl felted shoe factory, which produces up to 600 thousand pairs of shoes per year.
• One of the oldest factories, the Kukmor Felting and Felting Plant, is not losing its position; the annual production of felt boots here is up to 900 thousand pairs.
• Elvi-Plus company, production volume - 300 thousand pairs of felt boots per year.
• The Omsk plant of felted shoes produces 170 thousand pairs per year.

Other enterprises produce a much smaller volume of felt boots, from 45 to 150 thousand pairs per year. Russian-made felt boots have become a successful alternative to foreign shoes called ugg boots. Each buyer has his own tastes, preferences and scale of values ​​by which this or that product is selected. But as for felt boots, in comparison with foreign analogues, in many respects this ancient Russian invention demonstrates the best characteristics for our latitudes.

The production of felt boots in Moscow is established at the Bitsevskaya Factory, which has been making shoes for more than 150 years. The retail network of stores is spread throughout the country, and Muscovites can purchase their favorite pair without leaving the capital at the address: Stroiteley Street, building 6, building 4 (University metro station).

How to choose felt boots

A successful pair of felt boots will last for many years and will keep the owner warm in the most severe frosts. The selection of felted wool shoes is carried out according to the following principles:

• Real felt boots are 100% wool. The material must be dense and homogeneous in composition. If there are bald spots, thickening, or lumps, the shoes will quickly tear.
• Felt boots are not divided into right and left, they are produced the same. Shoes take on their shape as they are worn. When buying a pair, make sure that both felt boots are the same in shape, toe height, inner and outer length of the foot, and boot size.
• Smell. The only smell that felt boots may have is the smell of burnt wool; it will quickly disappear. If there is an odor wet wool, this means a violation of the technological process; at some stage the product was poorly washed or dried, and it is impossible to get rid of it.
• In a real felt boot, the sole and heel are made with a noticeable thickening, since in these places the shoe wears out faster and loses its shape. To determine it, just feel it.
• Elasticity. Shoes made of wool should not be too soft (underfelted fabric) or too dense. To evaluate this quality, it is enough to bend the boot a little; under your hands, high-quality wool will spring a little and quickly unbend.
• Size. Felt boots can be trampled in width, but they shrink in length, so you need to buy a pair 1-2 sizes larger. To determine what is necessary, there is a table of correspondence between the size of the foot and felt boots.
• The most natural ones are felt boots made from undyed wool, even natural dyes reduce the medicinal qualities of sheep wool.

Zverko Dmitry

Many people have these original Russian shoes, but few people have been wearing felt boots lately. I asked myself the question: “Why in modern world"Does the word "felt boot" often make us smile as something outdated and just funny?" Or maybe that's not true?

Target – explore the significance of felt boots in the life of the Russian people from the 18th century to the present.

The following follow from this goal: tasks:

1. Assess the attitude of teachers, parents, and students of our school towards felt boots

2. Find out when and where the first felt boots appeared

3. Study the process of making felt boots

4. Assess the role of felt boots in the life of our ancestors and in the modern world

Was nominated hypothesis: In the 21st century, Russian felt boots are regaining people's love.

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XXIV Stavropol Regional Open Scientific Conference for Schoolchildren

Section: Junior (1-4)

Job title: "Felt boots, felt boots...(From the past to the present)"

1. Author of the work: Zverko Dmitry Dmitrievich
2. Place of work: Sotnikovskoe,

MBOU "Secondary School No. 4", 3rd grade.

Scientific adviser:Garanzha Vera Vladimirovna, primary school teacher of the highest qualification category

MBOU "Secondary School No. 4"

Stavropol, 2013

Introduction________________________________________________ pages 3-4

1. When and where did the first felt boots appear___________ p. 4-5
2. The process of making felt boots ___________________ pp. 5-6
3. The significance of felt boots in the life of the Russian people_______ pp. 6-7
4. The role of felt boots in the modern world_________________ pp. 7-8
5. Recommendations for choosing felt boots page 8
6. Interesting Facts pp. 8-9

Conclusion__________________________________________ p.9-10

Bibliography___________________________ page 10

Applications__________________________________________ p.11-18

Not shoes, not boots,

But they are also worn by legs.

We run in them in winter:

In the morning - to school,

In the afternoon - home.

Introduction

This year we had a real Siberian winter. Winter with severe frosts, snow storms, large snowdrifts. And in a good frosty winter, feet in any boots freeze. It was then that my grandmother remembered that in the attic we had felt boots that were not afraid of either deep snow or bitter frost.

And this winter I observed that both adults and children wore felt boots in winter. Indeed, you cannot find more comfortable shoes - warm, dry, soft!

"Thick as a Brick". There is such a famous Russian proverb. Often a rude, uncouth person is called a “felt boot”. And indeed, what, it would seem, could be simpler than clumsy, gray or black Russian shoes, which are now worn, perhaps, only by old people and small children - solely for reasons of warmth and convenience. However... our attitude towards felt boots can and should change!

Many people have these original Russian shoes, but few people have been wearing felt boots lately. I asked myself the question: “Why in the modern world the word “felt boot” often makes us smile as something outdated and just funny?” Or maybe that's not true?

I set before myself target – explore the significance of felt boots in the life of the Russian people from the 18th century to the present.

The following follow from this goal: tasks :

1. Assess the attitude of teachers, parents, and students of our school towards felt boots

2. Find out when and where the first felt boots appeared

3. Study the process of making felt boots

4. Assess the role of felt boots in the life of our ancestors and in the modern world

A hypothesis was put forward: In the 21st century, Russian felt boots are regaining people's love.

Research methods: holiday “Russian felt boots”, interview, survey, study of scientific and fiction on the topic, working with Internet information, analysis, systematization, generalization.

I began my research by visiting the library, meeting with Vasily Maksimovich Aleinikov, conducting a survey among teachers, parents, students, and as a result, I found out:

Of the 50 school students, 20 (40%) have felt boots or had them in childhood;

Of the 40 school employees, 8 people (20%) still wear felt boots in the cold season;

Of the 30 parents surveyed, 100%, having learned about the health benefits of felt boots, would like to purchase these wonderful shoes for their family. (Annex 1)

At the Russian Valenki Festival we got acquainted with the history of felt boots and the process of their production. An exhibition of ancient felt boots was organized. We held a competition of ditties, poems about felt boots, a relay race and a competition in throwing felt boots.

(Appendix 2)

1. When and where did the first felt boots appear?

Felt boots, felted boots... Initially, felt boots, or, in Siberian, pima, were short, and their tops were made of cloth. And only in the 18th century felt boots acquired their usual appearance: the Semyonovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province is considered the birthplace of felt boots. The craftsmen “guessed” to felt them entirely, including the boot. After all, this is the advantage of felt boots: they are made without a single seam, therefore they are soft, comfortable, and do not chafe your feet. It is for this ingenious simplicity that a person who is naive to the point of stupidity is called “felt boot” in folklore. These shoes have only one drawback, but a rather serious one: they are very afraid of dampness, so at first they put leather and later rubber galoshes on the soles.

In Rus', only wealthy peasants wore felt boots, because they were quite expensive. A family that had at least one felt boots was considered rich. They were cherished, worn according to seniority and passed on as inheritance.

Receiving such a gift was considered good luck. There were few felting artisans, and the technology for producing wire rods was kept secret, passed down from generation to generation. The one who had felt boots was considered an enviable groom among the girls.

At the celebration of the Russian felt boots, we learned that Katya Fishchenko’s family has felt boots that serve the 4th generation; they are already more than 100 years old. (Appendix 3)

For a soldier going to serve, there was nothing more expensive than felt boots - warm and durable shoes not only protected from the cold, but could also protect their feet from small fragments in battle.

It took a long time before felting production was mastered in the villages. This craft turned out to be very profitable - rolling up felt boots for every home. Felting technology was passed down from generation to generation, and therefore each craftsman had his own secret and the felt boots were special.

2. The process of making felt boots

In our village there were also masters of felting felt boots. Vasily Maksimovich Aleynikov told us that his grandfather Fyodor Danilovich was also involved in the production of felt boots. Then he passed this craft on to his father Maxim Fedorovich. Vasily Maksimovich, as a child, watched his father felt felt boots. This is what he told us. (Appendix 4)

After the sheep was shorn, the wool was washed, combed and smoothed, resulting in a thin, soft cloth. Then they smoothed it with their fingers for a long time so that the wool stuck together, as if the shape of a felt boot was sculpted from plasticine, and then the workpiece was boiled in boiling water so that the wool felted even denser. This blank already resembled felt boots in shape, only very large in size. Then the workpiece was pulled onto the block and beaten on all sides with a wooden mallet for a long time until the product took on the usual size for a felt boot. (Appendix 5)

The process is simple in words only, but in reality it requires physical strength and a lot of patience, which few are capable of. Upon completion of all these procedures, the felt boots were sent to dry, and all that remained was to shave it to make it smooth and shiny.

Vasily Maksimovich did not have to engage in this craft. He inherited his felt boots from his grandfather. They served him for many years, and they also went to his grandchildren. Now his eldest grandson Sasha works in the Far North and wears his great-great-grandfather’s felt boots.

And from 1950 to 1959, Nikolai Kirilovich Tuchin felted felt boots. In his workshop he had a stove with boilers, a ruble, a carder, and blocks different sizes and rollers for rollers.

He made felt boots for the residents of our village Sotnikovskoye and nearby villages. The people who felted felt boots in the village were called “Postovals”. Sometimes they even thought that these were their last names.

It must be said that the technology for making felt boots has not changed at all over the past three hundred years, only some techniques have become mechanized. Equipment with electric motors appeared: a drum and a gurney.

Technology is technology, but without the most important component of the ancient craft - love for one’s work and for the people who will wear these shoes, it is unlikely that felt boots would have survived so many centuries practically unchanged, easily withstanding competition with the most modern shoe models. Maybe that’s why it’s so nice and cozy to wear them because they retain the warmth of the hands of their creators. As before, the craft of felting is passed on from master to master.

1. Without felt boots, our ancestors could not imagine Christmas and Maslenitsa festivities, caroling, fairs, during which there was always a real Russian winter.

2. Even crowned heads did not disdain such shoes.

It is known that Peter I counted felt boots effective means in the treatment of radiculitis. In winter, after a bath and swimming in an ice hole, he demanded hot cabbage soup and felt boots. It was during his reign that piping production in Russia became widespread. Catherine the Great had the first pimas, which she wore under her dress on her sore legs. Soft combs made of fine black wool were specially invented for her. (Appendix 6)

3. Valenki kept Russian soldiers warm during the Great Patriotic War(Appendix 7)

The merit of felt boots in wartime is invaluable. In winter, our soldiers were dressed only in felt boots. In the forties - fatal for the front, about 100 million pairs of felt boots were made for victory. Many of them returned to the factories more than once, they were repaired, hemmed and again sent to the line of fire. The Germans considered felt boots to be the best trophy and were ready to exchange them for any value, even a gold watch. The Russian felt boot walked from Moscow to Brest and defeated the German boot!

4. Without felt boots, it would be impossible to explore the northern regions and carry out expeditions to the North and South Poles.

4. Explored the role of felt boots in the modern world:

What about Russia? Felt boots are hitting the world catwalks! And foreigners look with delight at the unprecedented Russian miracle.

Several thousand pairs of Russian shoes are shipped abroad every year. Adherents of high technology themselves do not know how to make primitive felt boots, but they beneficial features They are to their liking - they turned out to be a particularly good purchase in Alpine resorts and the harsh Finnish coast.

And indeed! Firstly, felt boots are the only shoes made from natural materials that do not destroy nature and animals. Wool is cut from peacefully grazing sheep and processed, so the production of felt boots does not disturb the natural environment.

Secondly, as mentioned above, even in the time of Peter I, the healing properties of felt shoes were noticed. And today medicine confirms the influence of felt boots on human health.

1. Sheep wool helps with colds, rheumatism, radiculitis and other diseases of muscles and joints.
2. Felt boots are very useful for diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
3. Felt boots can relieve nervous tension, a feeling of fatigue and heaviness in the legs, and back pain.
4. Wearing felt boots on bare feet helps improve blood circulation. Natural wool does not irritate the skin of the feet, has positive energy for humans, natural wool fibers have a high heat capacity, which allows the feet not to freeze in the most bitter frosts. At the same time, your feet do not sweat, since wool fibers provide natural air circulation and your feet are always warm, which is why they are called a “dry heating pad.” At the same time, felt boots protect a person’s foot not only from cold, but also from heat. (Appendix 8)

Our Sotnikov fashionistas also wear felt boots. And when I asked the twin girls: Olya and Alena, why do they wear felt boots? They told me that they were not only light and comfortable, but warm and my feet didn’t sweat. (Appendix 9)

Valenki are the main workwear for gas workers, oil workers, and railway workers. The demand for felt boots is also reviving in the central region - Moscow, St. Petersburg, and in tourist centers. Felt boots are indispensable for winter outdoor recreation. Nowadays, factories receive large orders from the army, border guards, and police. All soldiers in the northern regions of the country have been wearing felt boots since October 15, 2011. (Appendix 10)

Felt boots are available in a variety of sizes, so that suitable ones can be found for both an adult man and a child who has barely learned to walk. However, keep in mind that felt boots are unusual shoes, and they have their own sizes. So, for example, shoe size 25 corresponds to felt boots size 13. In addition, felt boots shrink when worn, so you should buy them with a reserve. Felt boots with soles for adults should be taken one size larger.

Feel the felt boots, remember it in your hands. A good felt boot is elastic. If the felt boots are too soft, they are underfilled and will not hold their shape. If it is too hard and does not bend, then walking will be uncomfortable.

Pay attention to the smell. If it is unpleasant, it means that unwashed wool was used in the manufacture of felt boots. It is almost impossible to get rid of such a smell.

Before putting your felt boots in the closet, you should pack them in plastic bag and put moth repellent in each of them, otherwise in a few months you risk taking out of the closet not felt boots, but miserable remnants.

6. Interesting facts

1. Two giant felt boots are vying for a place in the Guinness Book of Records. One, size 120, height 157 cm and weight 7.5 kg, was made in the village of Kubenskoye near Vologda. Another, even larger one, was dumped in Semipalatinsk. Its height is 178 cm, weight is 16.5 kg, and the size is just right for Gulliver - 146! (Appendix 11)
2. There are felt felt museums in Moscow and in the city of Myshkin. And in 2001, a felt boots festival was held in Myshkin. (Appendix 12)
3. Felt boots throwing championships have been held in Pyatigorsk and Syktyvkar for several years now. As the participants say, the main thing in felt throwing is not the strength of the throw, but the accuracy of the aim, because the felt boots, due to their specific properties, are often capricious and do not fly along a given trajectory. We ourselves experienced this when we held relay races with felt boots at the Russian Valenki Festival.
4. At one time, huge felt boots were made as a special order for Oleg Popov - the clown jumped into them during a trick.
5. Now the felt boots of the athletes who participated in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City have already gone down in history and are museum exhibits. The Russian team was patriotically shod in felt boots and galoshes.

Conclusion

Thus, having studied the history of felting, I became acquainted with the technology of making felt boots, met with people involved in this craft, and found out what significance felt boots have in the lives of modern people.

The hypothesis I put forward was confirmed.

Firstly Today, environmental and health issues are coming to the fore. But felt boots are shoes made from natural materials without harming nature and animals.

Secondly , medicine confirms the healing properties of shoes.

Third , felt boots again acquire the status fashionable shoes– models are produced with embroidery, trimmings, natural and artificial fur, and appliqués are used. They appeared in the fall-winter 2009 collection of Vyacheslav Zaitsev.

Those who consider wire rods to be the domain of only the old and small, and even janitors, traffic cops and winter fishing enthusiasts, are wrong.

Thus, fulling factories, keeping up with the times, keep up with the times. They walk, of course, in felt boots. (Appendix 13)

In felt boots with rubber soles, Velcro, zippers and laces.

In felt boots with gold embroidery and fur trim.

In felt boots with cute appliqués and hilarious pom-poms.

In elegant felt boots, tied with ribbons in the style of ballet shoes, felt boots with heels.

In felt boots of the most unimaginable models and the most enchanting colors.

In total, about 4.5 million pairs of felted shoes are produced in Russia per year. The largest manufacturers today:

Kukmor fulling and felt plant – 800-900 thousand pairs.

Yaroslavl factory of felted shoes - 550-600 thousand pairs.

Practical significancemy research - transfer the research results to the school museum

Bibliography

1. Burovik K. A. Pedigree of things, - M.: Knowledge, 1991.- 228, 3 p.
2. B.S.E. Second edition, 6 Botosani - Variolite May 12, 1951 Pp. 561, 59, 594.
3. www.valenki.inc.ru - museum "Russian felt boots"
4. www.valenki.promsherst.ru - Where you can buy felt boots.
5. www.specserver.com/rus/notice.asp?noticeID=198927 – equipment for the production of felt boots
6. www.valenki.textex.ru - felt boots

How is a felt boot born?

Department of Education Administration

Osinnikovsky urban district

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school No. 16"

How is a felt boot born?

Head Natalya Leonidovna Nenasheva, primary school teacher

Osinnikovsky urban district, 2015

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………4

Theoretical part

1. Where did felt boots begin their journey? ……………………………6

   Valenki in Rus'……………………………………………………….6

   In wartime……………………………………………………….7

   In the modern world……………………………………………………………..7

Practical part

1. How felt boots are born……………………………………………..8

   The benefits of felt boots……………………………………………………….10

   How to choose felt boots……………………………………………10

   Experiments……………………………………………………..11

   How to felt felt boots yourself………………………………………..12

Conclusion………………………………………………………….14

Introduction

Once we turned on the TV, we heard that the head of the Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation, Roman Vilfand, said at a press conference: “In fact, this winter will be noticeably colder than the winters that were in the last 20 years.” Mom was concerned about his words and offered to buy for winter, felt boots. And dad said that many people don’t know real felt boots anymore. They were made by hand, they turned out to be thin, soft, and warm, no matter how much you walked in them! It was so good and comfortable to wear them that they retained the warmth of the hands of their creators. And now there is no one to pass on the secrets of their craft to the old masters; young people do not want to engage in such painstaking, hard work.

I was wondering if it was possible to make felt boots ourselves? And what materials are needed for this?

My friends and I decided to find out if our classmates wore felt boots. This is how we learned that most 2a grade students do not wear felt boots.

None of them know why these shoes are called felt boots.

Many people don’t know whether felt boots are useful. Some see their benefit in the fact that they are warm and cozy. And even in the fact that they run and jump quickly.

Only 32% of our classmates know that felt boots are made from wool.

We decided to conduct a study “How are felt boots born?” and look into this issue.

Target: making felt boots.

Tasks.

Get acquainted with the history of felt boots.

Find out whether felt boots are really warm shoes

Explore the beneficial properties.

Study the process of making felt boots.

Make felt boots at home.

Object of study: felt boots.

Subject of study: process felting felt boots.

Research methods: survey, analysis, comparison, description, practical work (felt felt boots)

The word "felt felt boots" often makes us smile as something outdated and simply funny. Often a rude, uncouth person is called a “felt boot”. And indeed, what could be simpler than clumsy, gray or black Russian shoes, which are now worn only by old people and small children - solely for reasons of warmth and convenience. Indeed, you cannot find more comfortable shoes - warm, dry, soft! But appearance!

1. Theoretical part

1.1. Where did felt boots begin their journey?

FELT BOOTS- winter soft boots felted from wool. Historians believe that priority in the invention of felted shoes belonged to the steppe nomadic peoples. It was they who first came up with the idea of ​​rolling animal hair and making shoes from it that would not only withstand the cold of the steppes in winter, but also protect the foot from hard thorns and sharp stones. From nomads this type of footwear spread to Rus'. In Russia, felt boots became widespread only in the first half of the 19th century, when they began to be produced industrially. The first Russian wool beaters initially made not classic felt boots, but more primitive things: hats, bath caps and light shoes like galoshes called “cats”, “chuni” or “kengas”.

1.2. Valenki in Rus'

In Rus', felt boots also had other names: in Nizhny Novgorod they were called “chesankas” and “katankas”, in the Tambov and Tver regions - “felt boots”, in Siberia - “pimas”. Felt boots made from goat wool were called “volnushechki” and “tricks,” and those made from sheep’s wool were called “wire rods.”

Valenki were the best shoes for festivities in Rus'. They celebrated Maslenitsa, caroled, danced in circles, and danced to the accordion.

In Rus', only wealthy peasants wore felt boots, because they were quite expensive. A family that had at least one felt boots was considered rich. They were cherished, worn according to seniority and passed on as inheritance. Receiving such a gift was considered good luck. The one who had felt boots was considered an enviable groom among the girls.

Felt boots were made for rich people, and even more so for Russian rulers. the best masters and only to order. The shoes looked so chic that Peter the Great willingly wore Russian felt boots.

1.3.In wartime

The merit of felt boots in wartime is invaluable. In winter, our soldiers were dressed only in felt boots. We defeated Napoleon and Hitler thanks to a sufficient amount of warm shoes.

The felt boots have arrived! 134th Infantry Division.

Kalinin Front.

1.4. In modern world

There are professions in which felt boots are always held in high esteem - and it cannot be otherwise! How will they manage without them? cold winter builders, lumberjacks, fishermen, geologists. Without felt boots it is impossible to equip expeditions to the North and South Poles.

IN
Alyonki are coming back into fashion! Russian designers compete with each other in the skill of turning an ordinary felt boot into a work of art. And to the world there are felt boots - a bird, felt boots - a watch, felt boots - a flower bed, felt boots - a hat and felt boots - a backpack.

Russian fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev. Demonstration of a collection of felt boots

Conclusions of the theoretical part:

I learned that felt boots are the most traditional shoes in Russia, they were worn in ancient centuries and are worn now. Today, felt boots are not just comfortable and irreplaceable shoes, but also a new direction in the work of our modern designers.

2. Practical part

2.1. How is a felt boot born?

G
The main raw material for felt boots is sheep wool. The birth of felt boots begins when curly sheep wander through the meadows and grow on their sides warm fur coat, then they are sheared and this wool will turn into winter shoes for our feet. After the wool is cut, it should be thoroughly washed and free of debris.

Next, the wool goes into machines that clean it, loosen it, fluff it and mix it. Carding machines comb the wool and turn it into a fluffy, combed cloud of wool. They wrap it around a fabric cover several times, thus creating a “cotton” blank for the boot - a cone.

IN
The carbon cone is compacted between highly heated steam plates of special machines. The hot plates clap against each other, as if some mythical monster is chewing our wool cloud in its mouth. Because of this, it loses its airiness - it becomes felt.

D
Next, the plantar, toe and heel parts of the felt boots are manually formed - this operation is called head closure.

The felt blank needs to be rolled up so that in the future it becomes the head of a felt boot of the required size and thickness. After the head is “folded”, it is also compacted between hot plates. The resulting blank, called the base, is most similar to a felt sock of a giant “Gulliverian” size.

H
In order for this “sock” to turn into a small thick felt boot, it must dig fire, water and... wooden drums. The bases, moistened and rolled, are placed between wooden drums, which begin to rotate and compress them tightly - this is the first stage of compaction.

Then the future felt boots fall into the water - they are spun in a giant tank washing machine"Gradually the workpieces become smaller and more dense.

To give the felt felt its final density, it is “washed” several more times in hammer machines. There, in hot water of a certain temperature, subjected to shock mechanical influences, final compaction and shrinkage occurs.

P After going through several stages of washing in a hammer machine, our “Gulliverian sock” becomes more like a Lilliputian shapeless wet boot - the transformation for those who see it for the first time is almost mystical. It decreases by more than 10 times.

L
The legendary Russian felt boots are almost ready. All that remains is to shape it and dry it.

In order for it to acquire the proper shape, so comfortable to wear, it is placed on a mechanical block. People of remarkable strength usually work as planters. True, without the help of a machine, it would still not be so easy for them to insert a shoe of the required size into this small wet, wrinkled ball of wool, because the felt boots straighten out very much when inserted. And the blocks that we use are metal, each weight is from 2.5 to 10 kilograms, so strength is needed at least to lift them.

The felt boots placed on the blocks are conveyed through a conveyor into the drying chamber. This is where our felt boots will have to get acquainted with “fire”. The temperature there is under 100 degrees, it becomes clear why in a factory, unlike in handicraft production, it is impossible to use wooden blocks - they will simply burst into flames in the dryer.

After drying for several hours, the felt boots, like ruddy pies, come out of the drying chamber on a conveyor - hot and almost ready. Another good fellow should remove them from the block and send them to the selection shop.

T
Thus, the simplest variety - “ordinary felt boots” - are ready for use. If this pair is planned to be of a different type, then it goes to the hot vulcanization shop to purchase a rubber sole, or to the finishing shop to acquire intricate embroidery, cute pompoms or fur trim.

To transform a tuft of wool into a pair of original Russian shoes, you need 5 days of hard work, 45 technological transitions. Workers from 20 specialties are working on its creation so that we can warm ourselves up in the winter cold with natural, environmentally friendly woolen felt boots.

2.2. The benefits of felt boots

So what is the use of felt boots?

Feet in felt boots breathe.

Just like the lungs, our skin breathes. In shoes made of dense materials (for example, leather), feet sweat quickly. In felt boots, air easily passes between the wool fibers. This allows our feet to breathe.

They absorb and evaporate moisture well.

If your feet are damp, they will quickly freeze in your shoes in winter. And felt boots absorb moisture like a sponge, leaving your feet dry and warm. Then, in the warmth, they evaporate the accumulated moisture.

Felt boots regulate the temperature.

Why are felt boots warm in winter and not hot in warm weather? Due to the fact that the walls of felt boots are porous, they do not allow cold and heat to pass through.

The felt boots are resilient and elastic.

Felt boots do not have a right or left leg; in the future, when worn, they will take the shape of a leg. This means that felt boots do not rub, as often happens with shoes.

Lanolin is an animal wax found in sheep's wool. It soothes pain in muscles and joints. Lanolin helps heal wounds and fractures; it is used in medicine in the manufacture of special ointments.

Foot massage.

At home, felt boots are often worn on bare feet instead of socks. Wool fibers improve blood circulation, which prevents your feet from getting cold.

2.3. How to choose felt boots

To choose comfortable, warm shoes - felt boots, you need to know some rules.

When choosing felt boots by size, keep in mind that these shoes are worn in width, but may shrink in length.

Felt boots should not be too hard, otherwise it will be uncomfortable to wear, and not too soft, otherwise the felt boots will not hold their shape. Felt boots are usually checked: folded, pressing the toe to the heel.

If they then unbend and take their original shape, it means they were made to last.

Look inside the felt boot

A good felt boot has a smooth inner surface, the wool in the area of ​​the foot is evenly matted and does not stick out in clumps. The felt from which felt boots are made must be uniform over the entire area of ​​the felt boots of the same thickness, without unevenness, with compaction at the bottom on the heel and sole.

Take a sniff

N
natural felt boots made from 100% sheep wool smell like it. Unpleasant smell indicates additives and debris that ended up in the material.

Hold the felt boots in your hands

Ordinary felt boots weigh about 1.5 kg.

2.4.Experiments

We decided to conduct an experiment with felt boots.

E
experiment 1.

D
put two snowballs - one on a saucer, the other wrapped in paper napkin, put it in felt boots.

H
After a while we noticed that the snow on the saucer had melted, but not in the felt boot. So, felt boots don’t warm you up at all, huh
will it cool you down? Why do we put on felt boots in cold weather, and our feet are warm and not cold?

The felt boots did not allow room heat to reach the snowball. And this made the snowball in his felt boots cold. That's why he didn't melt.

This means that if we put on felt boots, our feet are warm, the felt boots do not let the heat out into the street, and the cold does not pass into the felt boots. Our feet don't get cold. They feel warm in their felt boots.

Experiment 2.

D
To conduct the experiment, we put on felt boots and walked in the cold for 1 hour. Then we measured the temperature inside the felt boots. The temperature was + 19.

IN

Conclusion: felt boots do not allow cold and heat to pass through. This means that felt boots are very suitable for frosty days.

After conducting these experiments, we decided to try making felt boots at home.

2.5. How to felt felt boots yourself

Homemade felt boots are akin to homemade slippers.

For this we will need some materials:

Mosquito net,

Hot water,

Dish detergent,

Pot,

• Sponge for washing dishes.

Description of work stages:

N
oh, that's all, the felt boots are ready.

3. Conclusion

From our experience, we are convinced that felting is a long process, requiring effort and perseverance, but at the same time very exciting. It’s amazing how a felt boot is created from a piece of unspun wool by friction and soaking. Felt boots are the only shoes made from natural materials that do not destroy nature and animals. Wool is cut from peacefully grazing sheep and processed, so the production of felt boots does not disturb the natural environment.

They not only protect our feet well from the cold, but are also good for our health. So why don't we all become a little healthier?

While working on the topic, we met the following sources of information:

1. Vershinina I. O. Decorating felt boots. 25 ways of original finishing. AST-Press, 2012

Ozhegov S. I. Dictionary Russian language / ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. M., 1973 – 939 p.

›

Chalikova, D.

Appendix 1. Interesting facts

The largest felt boot, listed in the Russian book of records, was made in the city of Kineshma, Ivanovo region, by the Sokolov family. Its height is 168 cm, and the length of the foot is 110 cm. The Sokolov family also made a felt boot with a height of 205 cm and a long foot of 160 cm - not yet included in the Russian book of records.

From time immemorial, in Russian villages, felt boots were used as a pillow, or rather, its contents. And what - a warm thing, not very soft, not very hard, just put it in a pillowcase and sleep on the bed.
In addition, in particularly remote Chukotka villages, where the temperature does not rise above minus thirty degrees, felt boots were sometimes used as... mailboxes. They nailed the felt boots to the door, wrote in chalk: “for letters and newspapers,” and calmly waited for the postman.

At one time, huge felt boots were made as a special order for Oleg Popov - the clown jumped into them during a trick.

In 2002, fashion designer Gianfranco Ferré created a special collection of felt boots. And at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, the Russian team was patriotically shod in felt boots and galoshes.

Appendix 2. Proverbs, riddles about felt boots

Not shoes, not boots,
But they are also worn by legs.
We run in them in winter:
In the morning - to school,
In the afternoon - home.
(Felt boots)

He may not be very handsome,
But first place
Among different shoes,
Made from wool.
Will never let you down
In the cold he makes friends
There is something for him in the city
Myshkin Museum.
(felt boots)

They are tossed around, rolled around,
And they drag it through the winter.
(Felt boots)

Proverbsand sayings

Prepare your sleigh and felt boots in the summer.

Simple as a Siberian felt boot.

Whoever got up first put on his felt boots.

Without a fur coat or felt boots and winter without end.
You can't put two felt boots on one foot.
Valenka's felt boots are not big, but small. (PATTER)
Siberian felt boots. (ordinary person)
Crazy, like an old Pima (felt boot).

Valenka’s felt boots are drying on the heap. (PATTER)

Simple village huts, windows and rubble.
The old man hung his felt boots on the warped fence.
The old man will dry his felt boots and then put them on again.
He got used to them, got used to them, he himself is strong and healthy.
What about the snow, and in winter, for a peasant in a blizzard?
Walk home through snowdrifts without drowning in the snow?
It’s impossible to live without them in the village; the collective farmer is on his way.
Wear felt boots, friends, like your grandfather - on your bare feet!

Ditties
Once upon a time there were felt boots
Cheerful, remote people.
They run quickly along the path,
My feet won't freeze.

Felt boots are warm,
Sports boots,
Felt boots are comfortable,
The felt boots are beautiful.

I'm a football player anyway,
Don't look at the years.
I kick the ball with a felt boot.
I score a goal accurately.

Felt boots are warm,
Sports boots,
Felt boots are comfortable,
The felt boots are beautiful.

I’ll buy disco boots
I'll wear them to the disco club.
I will dance wildly
Light up all the girls.

Felt boots are warm,
Sports boots,
Felt boots are comfortable,
Felt boots are beautiful

Appendix 3.What to wear with felt boots: tips from an experienced fashionista

The rules for selecting clothes for felt boots largely depend on their model. Modern felt boots of a classic shape are worn with skinny jeans, tucked in, leggings, trousers that are narrow or tight-fitting to the lower part of the leg. As a top, you can choose both loose clothing and tight-fitting ones. Voluminous sweaters and vests with fur trim look beautiful.

An excellent set will turn out if you wear felt boots with knitted dress, or a sweater dress. Add leg warmers to match the color of the dress, put on mittens and a loose-knit hat, and you will get an unusual, and most importantly, warm set for winter walk. In this case, felt boots are preferably short, not reaching the middle of the shin.

Model boots in the form of boots can be worn with the same clothes, and you can also afford more, for example, business-style clothes. A straight dark skirt without decoration and a blouse or turtleneck will look good with black felt boots. You can throw a jacket or cardigan on top. As a universal accessory, add a belt to your cardigan, maybe even a bright and catchy one.

Felt boots should not be worn with long straight skirts, or with dresses of strict silhouettes - for example, a sheath dress. Otherwise, with the right accessories, you can dress in a variety of ways: in sports, casual, business, youth styles.

From outerwear In an ensemble with felt boots, sheepskin trapezoidal sheepskin coats, sports down jackets and coats, sheepskin coats and parkas look good.

Appendix 4. Song “Valenki”

People of our time believe that the performer and author of the popular Russian song “Valenki” was the famous singer Lidia Andreevna Ruslanova.

ABOUT It seems that the famous and popular song “Valenki” has an interesting history. It turns out that this is not Russian, but... an old gypsy dance camp song. It was popular at the beginning of the 20th century. The first recording of the song on a gramophone record was created by the gypsy singer Nastya Polyakova back in 1913.
A year later, this song, but with a different subtitle, “Oh, you Kolya, Nikolai,” was performed by singer Nina Dulkevich. Nastya Polyakova

Recent history The song "Valenki" began during the Second World War. The song began to be performed by Lidia Ruslanova. The song immediately became wildly popular, and the singer performed it more than once as an encore. In 1943, Lydia Ruslanova released her gramophone record.

Lidiya Ruslanova sings the song “Valenki” to front-line soldiers

"Felt boots, felt boots

Eh, you’re hemmed in, old ladies...”

Russian folk song

In our area, winter is harsh, and you can’t live without warm clothes and shoes. And in felt boots you are not afraid of the most severe frosts. This unique - without beginning, without end, without seam, without scar - shoes have been held in high esteem since ancient times both in villages and big cities. And in our time, many do not part with it during snowstorms and cold.

I was interested to know how relevant felting felt boots is today and the demand for them.

The purpose of my research:

Find out how felt boots are born and what is the demand for felt boots.

Tasks:

1. Find out when and where the first felt boots appeared.

2. Using technology, make felt boots at home.

3. Assess the attitude of Tuba residents towards felt boots.

Object my research are felt boots.

Item research - wool felting technology and the relevance of felt boots today.

First of all, I surveyed my classmates and found that most of them know little about the history and making of felt boots; they believe that felt boots are an unpopular, outdated type of footwear and although they are reluctant to wear them.

From literary and Internet sources, I learned that priority in the invention of felted shoes belongs to the steppe nomadic peoples. From nomads this type of footwear spread to Rus'. The first mention of felt boots goes back to “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” In the 18th century, felt boots acquired their usual appearance: artisans of the Yaroslavl region came up with the idea of ​​felting them entirely, including the boot, using a collapsible wooden block. Felting technology was passed down from generation to generation, and therefore each craftsman had his own secret and the felt boots were special.

Everyone knows that one of the handicrafts of the village of Tubinsky was and is the production of felted shoes. Craftsmen B.R. Aleksandrov, Ulyabaev.., R. Gibadatova are famous for rolling pims and beating wool... They don’t do it exclusively on orders, but when “the soul asks.” I was able to visit all the workshops of these craftsmen.

From a conversation with them, I concluded that the old masters did not have the same strength. Gradually the sheep are being driven out of the village. And the most important thing is that there is nowhere to beat wool, and it’s a little expensive to travel to Baymak every time.

Felt boots are specially processed wool, a technology called felting. Wool is the only fiber with felling capacity. Rolling ability is achieved under mechanical influences under conditions of humidity, temperature and acidic environment.

Felting is now a fashionable form of needlework. Designers describe two methods of felting: dry and wet. The dry felting technique is the felting of wool using needles. The wet felting technique is a felting technique using water and soap. This is the old-fashioned technology for making felt boots. Felting felt boots is not a discovery for me, because my grandmother herself makes this type of footwear for us and friends, putting the warmth of her soul into them. Guided by A. Zaitseva’s master class, I made felt boots myself. Pimokat master R. Gibadatova rated them “5”.

But how do the residents of Tuba themselves feel about felt boots? I found out this using a questionnaire. The older generation of villagers wear felt boots with pleasure and praise him in every possible way. The middle ones claim that it is inconvenient, although it retains heat better, so they only wear it outside, and prefer boots to work.

How much better does it retain heat?! So that this question does not remain rhetorical, I conducted an experiment. She took a felt boot and a boot, in which she had previously “hid” the thermometers, and took them out into the street. After waiting for half an hour, I compared them. I was surprised a big difference on thermometers and I was convinced that the proverb “Trust, but verify” is true.

In the course of my work I found out:

the roots of felting craft go back centuries;

for the manufacture of felt boots, the property of wool fibers, such as felling ability, is used;

Processing wool with water and an alkaline solution, and also using a collapsible block, handicraftsmen roll warm shoes - one of the symbols of Russia - felt boots.

Bakieva Ilgiza N., 2nd grade student of MOBU Secondary School with. Tubinsky, head of Halfina G.R. - primary school teacher.