home Nails Working with street children in the Moscow region. Social work with street children

Working with street children in the Moscow region. Social work with street children

Introduction

The complex processes of systemic transformations currently ongoing in Russia have affected almost all layers of society, destroying the system of social stratification that had existed for many decades and had already become established.

Modern scientific research conducted in the social sphere identifies crisis situations in many areas of people’s lives that affect their consciousness and behavior. A serious social danger is that the negative consequences of such changes affect children, as the most vulnerable category of the population. This leads to disruption of their physical and mental health, giving impetus to the development of so-called social diseases, including neglect and homelessness.

Significant reasons for the increase in neglect in modern conditions refers to the continuing deterioration in living standards Russian families, the decline of its moral principles, the reluctance of many parents to raise their children, the increase in the number of divorces and single-parent families.

Additional factors of child neglect, in addition to a dysfunctional family, are violations of children’s rights in the field of education, health, obtaining a profession and housing, as well as increased unemployment, which further worsens the financial situation of families.

A serious factor in child neglect in recent years has been the increasing number of refugees and internally displaced persons.

Without diminishing the importance of these reasons responsible for the difficult situation of childhood, it is worth noting that the problems of children that arise within the framework of their pedagogical space, aspects related to upbringing and education remain in the shadows. In addition, the existing for a long time The system of education and upbringing of the younger generation made the main focus in working with such children on closed-type inpatient institutions and internal affairs bodies, without taking into account the pedagogical aspects of the rehabilitation of neglected and homeless children.

This has led to the fact that the measures existing today are not enough to overcome child and adolescent neglect and homelessness.

The above determines the relevance of studying “neglect” and “homelessness”.

The purpose of the qualifying work is to consider social work with homeless and neglected children.

Objectives of the qualifying work:

– to reveal the concepts of “neglect” and “homelessness” of children and adolescents;

– consider child homelessness and neglect in the history of Russia: problems and solutions;

– consider the prevention of homelessness and neglect of minors;

– study the activities of social services working with minors abroad;

– show the organization of social work with minors in social rehabilitation institutions: domestic experience.

The qualifying work consists of an introduction, three chapters, six paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. Child homelessness and neglect in the history of Russia

The variety of social problems accompanying the development of Russian society has largely affected the modern family.

Many problems of the modern family give rise to a situation where children find themselves cut off from family concerns. This situation is reflected in an increase in the number of neglected and homeless children. It is quite difficult to determine how many street children there are in Russia. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 2004 there were from five hundred thousand to two and a half million street children in Russia. Their number constantly fluctuates and is based on data received from internal affairs bodies. The figures cited by official bodies differ by a factor of two from those used by non-governmental organizations.

Thus, according to the Russian Children's Fund, there are three million street children in the country, according to the movement “In Defense of Childhood” - four million. Conducted sociological studies provide different figures. The media operate with various indicators.

It is impossible to give a figure that actually determines the number of street children, just as it is difficult to determine the line that separates street children from street children. The impossibility of clearly recording street children is due, among other things, to the uncertainty of the very concept of “neglected child”. Thus, in some popular literature, newspaper and magazine publications, the terms “neglected” and “street” children are used as synonyms, and sometimes such a confusion of terms appears in scientific works.

Thus, it is necessary to separate two different, although related, problems of child neglect and homelessness.

Despite the fact that in modern pedagogical science and social practice in the social protection of childhood, the concepts of neglect and homelessness are interrelated.

To correctly determine the causes of neglect, it is necessary to determine the essence of this concept, considered as a phenomenon, state or process.

We should proceed from an understanding of neglect as a process and as a phenomenon, that is, a social phenomenon. Some scholars also study neglect as a result of a particular social condition.

Neglect can be defined as a lack of supervision (control) on the part of parents or persons replacing them. Neglect is one of the forms of social maladaptation of minors and is closely related to such manifestations as school evasion, vagrancy, early alcoholism and drug addiction, deviant and criminal behavior.

The Pedagogical Dictionary defines neglect as “a social phenomenon consisting in the lack of proper supervision of children by parents or persons in their stead.”

The Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia (Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia, 1993) more clearly delineates the concepts under consideration: neglect is defined as “the absence or insufficiency of control over the behavior or activities of children and adolescents, educational influence on them from parents or persons replacing them.”

In the social work dictionary, street children are also defined as those deprived of supervision, attention, care, and positive influence from parents or persons in their stead.

Child neglect is mainly defined using categories of pedagogy and is considered as a lack or insufficient control over the behavior and activities of children and adolescents. This misses important point– alienation of the children themselves from the family, the children’s team, lack of emotional relationship between children and parents. Based on this, we can assume that the state of neglect is characterized not only by the absence or insufficiency of control over the behavior and activities of children and adolescents, but also by the lack of internal communication between children and parents or persons replacing them, due attention from the school, various regulatory bodies, and others. social institutions.

Consequently, neglect can be both a phenomenon that occurs when certain conditions with certain, very specific individuals, and with a process that has a time frame and is characterized by a transition from one state to another.

It is obvious that neglect can be both the final stage of a social process, that is, the result of a transition from a “normal” state to a neglected one, and an intermediate stage, that is, one of the stages of desocialization of the individual and the transition to a state of homelessness.

In order to clarify the concept of “homelessness,” we will consider it from the perspective of scientists and practitioners involved in this issue.

Regulatory acts of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation interpret the concept of “street children” as those who do not have a specific place of residence or place of stay. Social work practitioners define street children as those who do not have parental or government care, a permanent place of residence, age-appropriate positive activities, necessary care, systematic training and developmental education. Some of them lead a sedentary lifestyle, others a nomadic lifestyle. Many find themselves in a criminal environment. Therefore, homelessness is often associated with illegal behavior.

It is often pointed out that homelessness is an extreme manifestation of neglect. It is common for street children to live outside the family.

In law Russian Federation, adopted in June 1999 “On the fundamentals of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency” (Law of the Russian Federation “On the fundamentals of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency”, 1999), a homeless person is defined as a homeless person who does not have a place of residence and (or) place of stay.

For a more substantive understanding of the term “homelessness,” let’s clarify the categories of children that include them:

– living on the street for more than a month (permanently living on the street due to various circumstances);

– living on the street periodically, from several days to several weeks. Children in this category end up on the street during their alcoholic parents’ regular drinking bouts, conflict resolution with their parents, etc.

– those who still live (sleep) at home, but satisfy their basic needs on the street, returning home only to spend the night. For the most part, these are children who dropped out of school a long time ago and are registered with the 17th police station (OPPN) or the commission on minors' affairs (KDN).

The transition of a minor to the category of street children does not entail the termination of family legal relations. All rights and obligations of parents provided for by family law remain in force. But it is not possible to implement them, since the fate of the child is unknown to anyone.

The variety of social problems accompanying the development of Russian society has made it increasingly difficult for the modern family.

The multiplicity of problems of the modern family gives rise to a situation where children find themselves cut off from family concerns. This situation is reflected in an increase in the number of neglected and street children. There are currently about a million street children in Russia. Their figure constantly fluctuates and is based on data received from law enforcement agencies.

The media operates with even higher figures

The inability to clearly record street children is due, among other things, to the uncertainty of the very concept of “neglected child”. Thus, in some popular literature, newspaper publications and magazines, the terms “neglected” and “street” child are used as symbols; sometimes such a shift in terms appears in scientific works.

Thus, it is necessary to separate two different, although related, problems of child neglect and homelessness.

Let's turn first to dictionaries.

Dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegova interprets these concepts as follows: “neglected”, deprived of supervision, “homeless” - 1) deprived of supervision. 2) homeless person living on the street, the first meaning of the second term is actually synonymous with the meaning of the first term.

The basic law in the area of the problem that interests us is the law of the Russian Federation, adopted in July 1999, “On the fundamentals of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency.” It notes: “a neglected person is a minor whose behavior is not controlled due to failure to fulfill or properly fulfill the duties of his upbringing, education and (or) maintenance on the part of parents or familiar representatives or officials,” and “a street person is a neglected person who has no place residence and (or) place of stay.”

V.V. Terekhina, head of the department for social prevention of child neglect of the Ministry of Labor of Russia, commenting on the resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 13, 2002 No. 154 “On additional measures to strengthen the prevention of homelessness and neglect,” also speaks of the need to separate these two concepts: “Street children live in their families, but there is practically no control over their behavior, learning, development and upbringing by parents and schools; in fact, they are represented on their own to yourself. Homelessness is an extreme manifestation of neglect. It is common for street children to live in non-family settings.”

For a clearer understanding of child neglect, the concept of “supervision” of a child should be defined. If by child neglect we mean only the absence or insufficiency of control over the behavior and activities of children and adolescents, then a very important point is missed - the alienation of the children themselves from the family, the children's team, the lack of emotional relationship between children and parents.

And this is very important because constant monitoring of a child is practically impossible, and it is not necessary; it is another matter when a teenager, finding himself without parental supervision, correlates his actions and actions with how his parents (educators) will treat them. With absence emotional connection generations, mutual respect and love, the child, freed from the control of adults, feels free and, as he believes, is free to do what he wants, without looking at how his parents will react to it. Thus, the state of neglect, in addition to the signs listed in the above definitions, is also characterized by the absence of an internal connection between children and parents or persons replacing them. Speaking about the discrepancy between the terms “neglected” and “street,” it should be taken into account that neglect is mainly defined using the rules of pedagogy. It is no coincidence that its essence and signs are included in the sphere of attention of pedagogical science, which pays attention to correctly understood supervision of minors, which does not boil down to control over their behavior and pastime, but consists of maintaining, preserving an internal spiritual connection with a child, teenager, such a connection, which allows you to maintain contact between parents and surrogates with their pupil even at a distance. The absence of just such supervision leads the child into a situation from which he often cannot find a way out using socially approved ways and means.

What are the main reasons for the phenomenon of child neglect? Undoubtedly, there are a number of social reasons here: poverty, rising crime, unregulated migration, drug addiction, etc. The report “Street Children. Education and social adaptation of street children”, one of these reasons is the departure of children from school. According to the authors of the report, “teenage children who find themselves out of school and who have not found permanent work become “children of the streets.” Working on the problem of child neglect, M.A. Kovalchuk identifies two groups of reasons for this phenomenon: family and individual. The first includes dysfunctional families, various distortions of family education, violence in the family, as well as alcoholism, signs of asocial personal deformation and criminality of relatives; psychopathic traits in parents with affective excitability, as well as their immaturity, isolation, unstable self-esteem, decreased tolerance to stress and personal problems. M.A. Kovalchuk considers the individual prerequisites for neglect as secondary and playing their role in the occurrence of socialization disorders only in combination with the above-mentioned deviations in family relationships.

It is undeniable that the main reason for neglect is the weakening of connections with family, relatives and friends. The weakening of such ties leads to people losing responsibility for the child. The weakening of such ties leads to the child’s loss of responsibility for his actions, since he does not care what his family thinks about him, how they will feel when they learn about his actions. This state of affairs gives the teenager a feeling of “freedom”, which, as a rule, every teenager strives for, but the problem here is that street children understand this freedom as impunity, and not as responsibility for their actions.

Many children consider this “freedom” to be their main value. We asked the students to define what the concept of “supervision” means to them and what the absence of “supervision” means. The majority (75%) defined supervision as “constant control by adults,” most of them (79.5%) said that it interferes with their lives, that they consider themselves independent and do not require adult intervention. Only two of the respondents said that it was the lack of supervision that led them to commit illegal acts.

The majority of pupils (77%) define “lack of supervision” as “freedom”, in the sense of not being dependent on adults (they do not consider dependence on friends to be “unfree”).

We distinguish the concepts of child neglect and homelessness as follows: Neglected children are those who live in the family, but proper control over their upbringing, education, behavior and development by parents, close relatives or persons replacing them is not exercised. The child is formally in parental care, retains emotional attachment to one or more family members, but most of the time is left to his own devices.

Street children are children left without parental care, who have lost them, or children whose parents have been deprived of parental rights, as well as those who are not in the care of certain institutions.

Determining the category of street children is possible within the framework of the right approach (in accordance with federal and regional legislative acts of the Russian Federation) or the classification of family dysfunction.

Here is the definition of street children given by a group of non-governmental organizations: “a street child is any minor for whom the street (in the broadest sense of the word, including unoccupied dwellings, uninhabited lands, etc.) has become his or her usual place of residence, as well as who do not have sufficient protection." To specify the proposed definition, we can say that these are children who have “drank” from the three basic developmental environments for every child: family, school, constructive forms of leisure activities - and have turned on (or off) the fourth environment - the street. In accordance with this approach, “street children” can be classified primarily by the degree of “dropout” from basic developmental environments.

This approach fits the division of children into categories proposed by UNICEF:

Children who live on the street, i.e. spend most of their time away from their families or do not have them at all (complete exclusion from family, school);

Children who only work on the street, i.e. They spend a significant part of the day on the street, but return home late in the evening. They are connected to their families and perhaps attend school.

Let us present another classification developed by A.P. Surovtseva based on 10 years of experience in the organization

Doctors of the World USA. Children in need of help can be divided into the following groups:

The first group - children who have been on the street for a long time and have lost contact with their parents, school, and society - complete loss from the spheres of family and school;

The second group - children living at home with their parents and other relatives, spending most of their time on the street and not attending school or other educational institutions (neglected children) - complete exclusion from school activities and partially from the family sphere;

The third group is children living at home with their parents or other relatives, attending school more or less regularly, but having problems with both learning and behavior (here inclusions in the environment are taken as the basis for differentiation)

The fourth group is children who were suddenly left without parental care for various periods of time for various reasons, including biological orphans (here the fact of deprivation is taken as the basis).

However, an appeal to the experience of street social work showed the insufficiency of such definitions, since they are of a general nature, do not fit well with the actual practice of social work, specialists put different meanings into this concept, etc.

Social and economic problems of Russian society have significantly weakened the institution of the family and its impact on raising children. The result is a disruption of the normal process of socialization of the child, an increase in the number of neglected and homeless children, an increase in the spread of drugs and various psychotropic drugs, alcohol among children and adolescents and, as a result, an increase in the number of offenses among minors.

Registration of neglected and homeless minors is extremely difficult, since many of them do not have a permanent place of residence, a permanent institutionalized occupation, etc. Their figure constantly fluctuates and is formed mainly on the basis of data received from social services and law enforcement agencies.

These are mainly children from dysfunctional families, where parents lead an antisocial lifestyle (alcoholics, drug addicts) and are not involved in raising children. A child without supervision is more susceptible to the influence of negative social factors and the assimilation of negative social experiences, and timely identification, removal from such a “family,” and the application of measures aimed at successful socialization and his social adaptation is the most important task.

Organizing work on the social adaptation of homeless and neglected minors includes identifying such children and adolescents and placing them in specialized institutions for minors, organizing activities aimed at adapting each time stage of a child’s life to the conditions of reality.

Minors in difficult life situations lack internal resources to change both themselves and the situation as a whole. That is why, for their adaptation and integration, they need socially organized influence aimed at active inclusion in society that meets the needs of the child. Such socially organized influence, aimed at the successful process of social rehabilitation, adaptation, integration and socialization of neglected and homeless minors, is carried out, in accordance with Federal Law No. 120-FZ “On the fundamentals of the system for the prevention of neglect and delinquency of minors”, in specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation.

An analysis of existing literature has shown that the topic of social adaptation of this category of citizens, in particular in the conditions of a specialized institution for minors, has not yet been studied enough. An analysis of regulatory documents shows that most of them are aimed at preventing this phenomenon. The process of socialization, in particular the social adaptation of minors, is poorly regulated and is generally recognized only as a given necessity.

This actualizes the problem of social adaptation of neglected and homeless minors as a special social group with the aim of their successful integration into the life processes of modern society. At the same time, the existing system of working with children in government institutions depends on many factors of an objective and subjective nature and does not always contribute to the successful adaptation of the individual at all age stages. To solve this problem, the country is developing state programs to transfer children from orphanages into care or foster care with a family. The modern system of government institutions for such children is ineffective from the point of view of adapting to independent life in new socio-economic conditions and consciously choosing their adult social role.

To improve the current situation, to increase the efficiency of the process of social adaptation of neglected and homeless minors, it is necessary to implement the following measures:

- development and implementation of programs and methods aimed at the professional adaptation of adolescents in specialized institutions;
- closer interdepartmental interaction, coordination and cooperation of social institutions, organizations and services in working with the category of neglected and homeless minors.

The above measures are implemented at the municipal level of government, directly at the level of institutions. However, for a more successful process of social adaptation of neglected and street minors in specialized institutions, improvements are needed, including legal framework, at all levels of management.

Work of a social teacher with homeless and neglected children

1. The problem of homelessness and neglect in Russia

We have been talking about the problem of homelessness since 1989. From that moment on, the absolute collapse of both the family and government structures that should take care of children began. If previously they had at least formal supervision, now they have become homeless in the full sense of the word.

The difficult socio-economic situation in which Russia finds itself as a result of the “reforms” carried out in the last decade, one of its consequences is a colossal increase in the number of street children. According to the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, there are now about two million homeless and neglected children in Russia. In the sphere of ensuring children's rights in Russia, the most pressing problems remain homelessness, orphanhood, child crime and drug addiction. Others have parents who have lost their homes and are homeless themselves. Many children lived in families with alcoholic parents, were beaten and were forced to leave home. The reasons for child homelessness may be different, but the result is common - children are forced to live for months and years at train stations and in basements, without proper nutrition and without receiving an education. They often end up in a criminal environment, live and are raised according to its laws.

The need for a child to be guaranteed a real right to solve his problems, to provide social assistance enshrined in Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 09/06/93 No. 1338 “On the prevention of neglect and delinquency of minors, protection of their rights” and the Concept for improving the state system for the prevention of neglect and delinquency of minors. The latter was approved by the decision of the Interdepartmental Commission on Minors under the Government of the Russian Federation (7.07.98 No. 1).

The main legislative document aimed at solving the problems of child homelessness and neglect is the federal law “On the fundamentals of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency” dated June 24, 1999, according to which the main objectives of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency are the prevention of neglect , homelessness, delinquency and antisocial actions of minors, identifying and eliminating the causes and conditions conducive to this; ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minors; social and pedagogical rehabilitation of minors in a socially dangerous situation; identification and suppression of cases of involvement of minors in the commission of crimes and antisocial actions.

For the first time, the law distinguishes between such concepts as neglected and homeless. A minor is considered neglected if there is no control over his behavior due to non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of duties for his upbringing and (or) maintenance on the part of his parents or other legal representatives or officials; homeless - a homeless person who does not have a place of residence and (or) place of stay.

The system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency, in accordance with the federal law “On the fundamentals of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency,” includes commissions for minors and the protection of their rights, social protection authorities, education authorities, guardianship and trusteeship authorities, youth affairs authorities, healthcare authorities, employment service authorities, internal affairs authorities, specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation, special educational institutions of open and closed types of educational authorities, temporary detention centers for juvenile offenders of internal affairs authorities, criminal police units of internal affairs authorities Affairs, bodies and institutions of culture, leisure, sports and tourism, penal inspections, public associations implementing measures to prevent neglect and juvenile delinquency.

Bodies and institutions of the system for the prevention of neglect and delinquency of minors carry out individual preventive work (individual preventive work - activities for the timely identification of minors and families in a socially dangerous situation, as well as for their socio-pedagogical rehabilitation and prevention of their commission of offenses and antisocial actions) in against parents or legal representatives of minors, if they do not fulfill their duties for their upbringing, education and maintenance and negatively influence their behavior or abuse them. They, within the limits of their competence, are obliged to ensure respect for the rights and legitimate interests of minors, to protect them from all forms of discrimination, physical or mental violence, insult, abuse, sexual and other exploitation, to identify minors and families in a socially dangerous situation, as well as immediately inform the relevant structures about this.

Currently, the legal regulation of relations arising in connection with activities to prevent neglect is established by the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency”, adopted in June 1999 No. 120-FZ, and the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On Additional Measures to strengthening the prevention of homelessness and neglect of minors for 2002" dated March 13, 2002 No. 154.

Considering that many organizations of various departmental subordination are involved in the problems of protecting children's rights, these regulatory documents define the main directions of activity and establish the responsibility of all structures for organizing preventive work.

Prevention of neglect and homelessness reflects one of the alarming problems of our life, on the timely solution of which the future of society largely depends.

In Russia today there are about 28 million children, including more than 700 thousand street children. About 2 million adolescents are illiterate, and more than 6 million minors are in socially disadvantaged conditions. In the sphere of ensuring children's rights in Russia, the most pressing problems remain homelessness, orphanhood, child crime and drug addiction. According to the Chairman of the Investigative Committee under the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, Alexander Bastrykin, “the dynamics of the number of crimes against children and minors remains alarming. In 2008, 126 thousand children became victims of criminal violence in Russia, 1914 children died from crimes alone, 2330 children were subjected to violence, they suffered serious harm to their health.”

According to him, in just nine months of last year, 784 cases of sexual acts against minors were identified. “Last year, as before, 12.5 thousand children were wanted,” he added.

In accordance with Federal Law No. 120-FZ of June 24, 1999 “On the fundamentals of the system for preventing neglect and delinquency among minors,” youth affairs and sports authorities participate in organizing recreation, leisure and employment for minors, coordinate the activities of institutions located in their management

Based on the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 14, 2000 No. 124 “On approval of the Regulations on the enrollment of minor citizens of the Russian Federation as pupils in military units and providing them with the necessary types of allowances”, in order to prevent neglect and homelessness of children and adolescents from April 2002 implemented social project"Sons of the Regiment". Since 2002, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports of the Republic of Tatarstan has allocated 80 thousand rubles annually to provide students of a special army department with everything they need. IN summer period time, recreation for pupils is organized.

The experience of past years in the fight against child homelessness and neglect shows that traditional measures to prevent homelessness (the creation of special educational institutions: orphanages, shelters, etc.), as well as keeping street children who have committed any offenses in closed institutions, do not bring expected result.

The main measures to prevent homelessness should be adoption, guardianship and trusteeship, and only if it is impossible to provide for the child family education An alternative to it can be educational institutions that can recreate conditions of education close to family ones, the adaptation of children to normal life in society (family orphanages, communities, children's villages, etc.). Only a society that places the child at the center of its interests and attaches paramount importance to the ethics of care and charity can eliminate the problem of homelessness.

2. Activities of a social teacher with homeless and neglected people

The work of a social teacher with neglected and homeless children can be divided into two areas - preventive and correctional-rehabilitative.

Preventive orientation of social and pedagogical activities with thesechildrenincludes:

– work to organize a favorable environment for education and communication;

– timely correction family relations;

– searching for forms of employment for children in their free time;

– forms of child care during the period of objective employment of parents and family members;

– registration of children for socio-pedagogical registration;

– patronage of individual children.

The correctional and rehabilitation direction involves immediate social and pedagogical assistance, such as:

– registering the child;

– express diagnosis of a minor’s condition;

– diagnostics of personal characteristics and social situation of child development;

– deciding on the place where the minor will be sent;

– informing the family (or government agency) about the child’s place of stay;

– the condition of the minor and the program for further work with him;

– organizing the necessary contacts with specialists to provide psychological, medical, and legal assistance to a minor;

– development and implementation of a program for the child’s adaptation to a socially healthy environment, restoration or compensation of lost social connections, positive forms of activity in play, cognition, and work.

Social and pedagogical assistance to homeless and neglected children can be provided in specialized institutions, centers and services: social shelters, temporary accommodation centers, rehabilitation centers, etc.

3. Stages of activity of a social teacher in specialized institutions

The goal of these institutions is to create a comfortable socio-psychological atmosphere for the child, making it possible to partially restore his contact with society.

The activities of a social teacher in these institutions can be divided into four stages. The main goal of interaction between a social teacher and a child is to return the child to a socially organized environment.

1 . Introductory stage . It can last from three days to three months.

The goal of the stage is the partial inclusion of the child in a socially organized environment.

At this stage, effective interaction is complicated by the following characteristics of neglected and street children:

– difficulties establishing contacts with adults and peers;

– alienation and aggressiveness towards adults;

– negative attitude towards the teacher and complete distrust of him.

At the introductory stage, the child is the main subject of activity, therefore interaction is carried out only on his initiative and the presence of a desire to communicate. In this case, imposing strict demands on the child is unacceptable. This provision corresponds to the liberal style of pedagogical leadership, which is characterized by the fact that the child is given more freedom than the teacher.

During this period, the teacher needs to demonstrate to the child full acceptance of his lifestyle, empathy for his problems, and willingness to help. In his work, stimulation methods prevail, any initiative is encouraged, and the manifestation of activity in the proposed activity is approved. Of the verbal methods, conversation is most often used (it is important to explain to the child that he does not have to change his lifestyle to attend the club), from which the teacher can find out general information about the child (the teacher fills out observation cards).

The successful completion of this stage is indicated by such indicators as the child’s voluntary consent to attend the institution, his interest in the proposed activities and the establishment of initial contact with teachers.

2. First stage. The duration of the stage is from a month to a year.

The goal of the stage is the child’s adaptation to the conditions of a socially organized environment, the development of socially approved forms of behavior and activity.

The characteristics of children that influence the effectiveness of the interaction process at this stage include:

– wariness towards the teacher on the part of children,

– lack of experience of full, positive communication with adults,

– low level of social intelligence, which makes it difficult to understand social norms, rules, and the need to comply with them.

At this stage, the interaction between the social teacher and the child should be supportive. Because perhaps, over many years, the child has again found himself included in an organized social environment, which requires self-organization and self-discipline from him

At the initial stage, the subject of activity, in most situations, is the teacher, he organizes the activities of children, offers new forms of leisure, manages and controls their activities, but he does not do this directly, but indirectly (through the group, club rules, etc. .). This style pedagogical leadership is liberal-democratic: the teacher has more functions in guiding the child’s activities, but the needs and desires of the child are still important and paramount. The meaning of social-pedagogical interaction at this stage is to redirect the child’s attention to a positive attitude towards himself and the world around him.

In the work of a social teacher at the second stage, the most effective among verbal methods are: an individual conversation with a child (the purpose of the conversation is to provide the street child with important information for him, to expand his ideas about society, the world around him and to learn more about himself); individual counseling aimed at making the child aware of his positive sides. Organizational and leisure methods include games with training elements aimed at developing the cognitive sphere; emotional self-control training; constructive communication skills, etc.; thematic leisure activities aimed at introducing the child to culture, religion, etc.; role-playing games, aimed at restoring the child’s ability to act as an active subject of activity in interaction. Among the visual methods at this stage, it is advisable to use information booklets (“Rights and responsibilities of a teenager”, “Responsible behavior of a girl in the sexual sphere”, etc.), which allow the teacher not to force the child to talk about topics that are relevant to him, but to arouse interest and questions child.

The effectiveness and successful completion of the initial stage is indicated by the child’s systematic visits to the institution, compliance with the rules of being in it, Active participation in the proposed activities, an increase in the need to achieve success and the absence of aggressive reactions to the teacher’s demands.

3 . Main stage . The duration of the stage is from a week to six months.

The goal of this stage is to develop the child’s social activity and create motivation to change his or her lifestyle.

The child’s main problem that needs to be solved at this stage is fear of the further development of relationships and subsequent changes in his life. The child is afraid to find himself in a traumatic situation again without adult support. This situation is complicated:

– child's lack of self-confidence

– lack of permanent friends and support from them,

– unformed volitional sphere,

– lack of purposefulness aimed at future life,

– unformed life plans.

At the main stage, the interaction between the social teacher and the child should be open. And here the subjects of interaction of the social-pedagogical process are both the social teacher and the child.

A social teacher organizes the activities of children, carries out correctional work, stimulates and supports the positive changes occurring in the child, but the implementation of this process, the nature of the changes and their dynamics are established by the child himself. This style of pedagogical leadership can be called democratic, i.e. The right of each party to be the subject of its own activities is recognized. Contradictions that arise at this stage (refusal of activities, disagreement with the teacher, etc.) must be resolved through an analysis of the situation and a joint agreement. When working at the main stage, it is necessary to take into account that one of the reasons for the maladaptation of minors is the unpopularity and social rejection of the child among his peers. It is important to try to include the child in a prosocial group, where he will have new friends, hobbies, and values.

The content of activities at this stage will include such forms of work as classes with training elements (learning the ability to plan and predict one’s life activities, developing reflexive abilities), creating educational situations, individual counseling (developing responsibility), role-playing games, debates (forming prosocial behavioral skills), etc.

The child’s transition to the next stage is indicated by indicators such as sustained interest in socially approved activities, effective and active interaction with teachers to resolve and restore lost social contacts, loss of dependence on the “street” group and the establishment of new (prosocial) contacts.

4. The final stage . The duration of the stage is from two weeks to a month.

The goal of this stage is to restore the child’s social contacts.

A child's agreement to change his or her lifestyle marks the beginning fourth stage work. The main obstacle in the implementation of the activities of a social teacher to resocialize a maladjusted child is his fear of the changes that have occurred. A child who has experience living on the street knows how to make money easily and quickly. Do not forget that it was on the street that he first found shelter, help, support, and upon returning to society, in any traumatic situation, he would have a desire to give up everything and return to his old way of life. In this case, the child needs support from a social teacher. The child must realize that only life in society and according to its laws evokes respect and approval; a return to the old way of life is possible only if relations with the institution and teachers are broken. Thus, in situations of failure and the danger of relapse, the active subject of interaction is the social teacher. He guides the child, openly expresses his opinions and applies sanctions when necessary. This situation indicates an authoritarian style of interaction. In situations where children do not relapse, interaction is democratic in nature. To prevent relapse, individual conversations are held with children, the purpose of which is to plan their future life prospects. It is important to note that the completion of the fourth stage is considered to be the moment the child is included in organized society and the absence of relapses for six months.

For the effectiveness of the process of socio-pedagogical interaction of a social teacher with homeless and neglected teenagers, it is necessary to involve: commissions for the affairs of minors and the protection of their rights, formed in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, governing bodies for social protection of the population, educational governing bodies, guardianship and trusteeship bodies , youth affairs authorities, health authorities, employment service authorities, internal affairs authorities,

Conclusion

Thus, all the activities of a social teacher are aimed at the correction and rehabilitation of homeless and neglected adolescents. All interaction between a social teacher and street children must be built on a humane basis, which presupposes recognition of the child as a subject of education, acceptance of him as he is, with his problems, experiences, feelings, etc.; the desire to see behind any behavior, even antisocial, a tendency towards positive, constructive development.

The interaction process should take place in stages, taking into account the main problems, needs and capabilities of the maladjusted child.

The most important task of social and pedagogical activity should be to help the child change his attitude towards himself and the world around him, restore lost social contacts, and gain experience family life. And correctional and rehabilitation work should be aimed not only at the child, but also at his family.

Bibliography

V.A. Ozerov. Child neglect and homelessness as one of the factors threatening the national security of Russia // Analytical Bulletin State Duma Russian Federation. 2002 No. 20. pp. 6–17.

Federal Law of June 24, 1999 No. 120-FZ “On the fundamentals of the system for preventing neglect and juvenile delinquency” (as amended and supplemented by January 13, 2001, July 7, 2003, June 29, August 22, 1, December 29, 2004) // SZ RF, 06.28.1999, No. 26, art. 3177.

V.V. Falco. Low-threshold club as a form of working with street children in an institution additional education. All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of Pedagogical Workers of Educational Institutions. Educational priorities of education at the present stage of its reform. // Tyumen: TOGIRRO, 2006. pp. 24–26.

V.V. Falco. Social and psychological characteristics of a modern street child. Interregional scientific and practical conference "Street social work: theory and practice." // Tyumen: Vector Buk, 2004. pp. 276–279.

Code of Ethics for Social Workers and Social Pedagogues - Members of the All-Russian Public Organization “Union of Social Pedagogues and Social Workers.” Moscow. 2003. 20 p.

6. Electronic version of the newsletter // "Population and Society"Institute of Demography of the State University - Higher School of EconomicsNo. 369 – 370. March 16 – 29, 2009.http://demoscope.ru

Social work in institutions social protection population with street children in Russia

Introduction

Expand the concept of “street children”

To study the causes of child homelessness

Consider the specifics of social work in social protection institutions with street children

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The current unfavorable economic situation has affected all sectors of the world economic system, all age periods of human life. Children have become especially vulnerable in this situation. In modern society, the number of homeless people is increasing.

The Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency” gives the following definition: “a homeless person is a minor in a socially dangerous situation, a person under the age of 18 who is in an environment that poses a danger to his life or health or does not meet the requirements for his upbringing or maintenance, or commits an offense or antisocial actions.”

The main reasons for the increase in neglect in modern conditions are the continuing deterioration in the standard of living of Russian families, the decline of its moral foundations, the reluctance of many parents to raise their children, the increase in the number of divorces and single-parent families.

Additional factors in child homelessness are violations of children’s rights in the areas of education, health care, obtaining a profession and housing, as well as increased unemployment, which further worsens the financial situation of families. A serious factor in the homelessness of children in recent years has been the increasing number of refugees and internally displaced persons.

Currently, there are no complete and reliable statistics on the number of street children. Expert estimates reveal a significant scatter in the figures, which may be due to the methods used and the secrecy of the phenomenon itself.

Thus, the Federation Council Committee on Social Policy gives figures: more than 100 thousand street children, about 1 million street children, Chairman of the Federation Council Committee on Security and Defense V. Ozerov - from 2 to 5 million street children.

At the moment, a whole system of social protection institutions has been organized, in which social work specialists work.

Thus, undoubtedly, the topic of this course work is relevant.

The purpose of the course work: to study the areas of social work in social protection institutions with street children.

Object: street children;

Subject: social work in social protection institutions with street children in Russia.

Coursework objectives:

.Expand the concept of “street children”;

.To study the causes of child homelessness;

.Consider the specifics of social work in social protection institutions with street children

The following methods were used in the work: literature analysis, abstracting, citation.

The course work consists of an introduction, three paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

neglect homeless social

1. The concept of “street children”

Social problems accompanying the development of Russian society have largely affected the modern family. This situation is reflected in an increase in the number of neglected and homeless children. It is quite difficult to determine how many street children there are in Russia.

This problem is relevant in modern society; it has been studied by such scientists as N.F. Divitsyna, E.A. Manukyan, T. S. Barsukova, Yu.Yu. Shurygina and others.

The media operate with various indicators. It is impossible to give a figure that actually determines the number of street children, just as it is difficult to determine the line that separates street children from street children. The impossibility of clearly recording street children is due, among other things, to the uncertainty of the very concept of “neglected child”. Thus, in some popular literature, newspaper and magazine publications, the terms “neglected” and “street” children are used as synonyms, and sometimes such a confusion of terms appears in scientific works.

IN explanatory dictionary Ozhegova street child is interpreted as “a child deprived of supervision, homeless, living on the street,” and street child is “deprived of supervision.”

The Dictionary of Social Work defines neglect as “a social phenomenon consisting in the lack of adequate supervision of children by parents or persons in their stead.”

Child homelessness is mainly defined using categories of pedagogy and is considered as a lack or insufficient control over the behavior and activities of children and adolescents. At the same time, an important point is missed - the alienation of the children themselves from the family, the children's team, the lack of emotional connection between children and parents. Based on this, we can assume that the state of neglect is characterized not only by the absence or insufficiency of control over the behavior and activities of children and adolescents, but also by the lack of internal communication between children and parents or persons replacing them, due attention from the school, various regulatory bodies, and others. social institutions.

In the law of the Russian Federation, adopted in June 1999 “On the fundamentals of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency” (Law of the Russian Federation “On the fundamentals of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency”, 1999), a homeless person is defined as a street person who does not have a place of residence and (or) place of stay. .

children living on the street for more than a month (permanently living on the street due to various circumstances);

children living on the street periodically, from several days to several weeks. Children in this category end up on the street during their alcoholic parents’ regular drinking bouts, conflict resolution with their parents, etc.

children who still live (sleep) at home, but satisfy their basic needs on the street, returning home only to spend the night. For the most part, these are children who dropped out of school a long time ago and are registered with the police or the commission for minors.

Thus, there is undoubtedly a strong connection between neglect and homelessness, since according to general rule neglect serves as fertile ground for homelessness. The initial phase of this social disease is precisely neglect, and the final, already extremely neglected, on the verge of irreversibility becomes homelessness as such, which determines the position of the minor himself, his unique social status, which he acquires at his own request or due to a confluence of some circumstances. circumstances.

We will try to trace the historical formation of the system of social assistance to street children in Russia.

In pre-Christian Rus', in the tribal community of the Slavs, there was a tradition of caring for orphans “with the whole world.” Actually, the state policy of caring for orphans begins from the reign of Ivan the Terrible, when the first orphanages appeared, which were in charge of the Patriarchal Prikaz. The state system of charity was further developed under Peter I, who encouraged the opening of shelters where illegitimate children were accepted while maintaining anonymity of origin. Further, the charity system began to develop under Catherine II. Under the patronage of the empress, there were “orphanages” and orphanages, the main purpose of which was to shelter the child from harm for a while, and then place him “into a family of good behavior.”

In the second half of the 19th century. Significant changes are taking place in the development of education. Legislation is being developed and juvenile courts have been established; correctional institutions for persons under investigation and defendants. In Russia, homelessness became rampant after World War I and the October Revolution of 1917. The problems of homelessness were dealt with by the State Council for the Protection of Children, the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, the commission for improving the lives of children under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, local social inspectorates, the V.I. Lenin to help street children." The system for eliminating homelessness included the identification and control of street children, dysfunctional families, social assistance and the prevention of homelessness. Boarding-type educational institutions for children were organized - orphanages, labor communes, colony schools, commune schools, and children's towns.

The danger of homelessness arose again during the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. The education of orphans was entirely handled by state children's institutions (children's homes, orphanages). Active work ran children's institutions (colonies, special orphanages, etc.) that seized, punished, re-educated, and returned back to “Soviet childhood” those children whose behavior did not fit into the framework of the official concept of childhood (street and neglected children who committed crimes and crimes). To combat its consequences, a whole network of government institutions operated (police children's rooms, reception centers, labor and labor educational colonies).

A new surge in homelessness has been observed in Russia since the early 1990s. In documents of the Federation Council, the reasons for the emergence and growth of homelessness are the destruction of the state infrastructure for the socialization and education of children, as well as the crisis of families (increasing poverty, deterioration of living conditions, destruction moral values and educational potential of families).

Thus, child homelessness and neglect and their solutions are not new phenomena in our country. Experience has been accumulated in developing a system for the rehabilitation of neglected and homeless children. The most important task of the modern Russian state is to solve the problem of neglect and homelessness of minor children. This negative social phenomenon has become a problem in the social and spiritual life of Russian society. In modern Russian society, street children are one of the most vulnerable categories of citizens, with whom social protection institutions work. In order for the activities of these institutions to be productive and the number of homeless people to decrease, specialists need to understand the reasons for the occurrence of street children.

Causes of child homelessness

The emergence and growth of homelessness is facilitated by economic crises, unemployment, need and child exploitation, as well as conflict situations in families, immoral behavior of parents, abuse of children, wars, revolutions, famine, natural disasters, epidemics and upheavals, leading to orphanhood of children. Homelessness gives rise to severe social consequences and deviations in behavior: an increase in crime, juvenile delinquency, child prostitution, alcoholism, drug addiction.

The main reason for the emergence and growth of homelessness and neglect is the difficult socio-economic situation in the country: family breakdown, alcoholism and drug addiction, unemployment, weak social support for low-income families from the state.

Another reason for the increase in child neglect is the catastrophic poverty of a large number of Russians, who are simply sometimes unable to provide their children with normal food, clothing, educational and medical services. However, as representatives of both law enforcement agencies and social services note, the financial well-being of a family does not always guarantee a bright future for a child.

Recently, more and more juvenile delinquents turn out to be children from very prosperous families. Increasingly, children from seemingly prosperous families are falling into the social bottom. Busy with work 24 hours a day, fathers and mothers delegate the upbringing of their children to complete strangers. Parents express their love with an excessive number of gifts. Children are hyper-sensitive creatures; they subconsciously feel that gifts are a payoff for inattention. They understand that no one needs them. From here, anger accumulates in the child’s soul, cruelty and the desire to go against everyone and everything grow. Among these children there are a considerable number of drug addicts and criminals. These children commit crimes not for the sake of a piece of bread, as their disadvantaged peers do, but out of a subconscious feeling of revenge for inattention.

Also, child homelessness is closely related to social orphanhood; in the last two years alone, the number of parents deprived of parental rights has quadrupled. the federal law On additional guarantees for the social protection of children and orphans, and children without parental care , contains norms that ensure priority protection of the interests of children and orphans, and children without parental care, in the field of health, education, employment, and the right to housing, but its provisions, unfortunately, are not implemented.

Studying the implementation of children's right to housing, we came to the conclusion that the problem regarding this issue is present almost everywhere.

Also, one of the main reasons for the emergence of homelessness was the destruction of the state infrastructure for the socialization and public education of children without the formation of a new effective structure for the socialization and leisure of children in market conditions. The number has significantly decreased, fees have increased and the availability of children's preschool institutions, educational institutions, children's art centers, children's sanatoriums, cultural centers, sports institutions, museums, institutions family vacation and leisure and summer holiday children, musical and art schools. The abolition of compulsory secondary general education and the commercialization of vocational education played a negative role. After finishing 9th grade, many 15-year-olds do not work or study. The comprehensive school has ceased to be responsible for universal education. The number of children who have never studied is increasing. Children are being forced onto the streets.

Another reason for neglect is the crisis of families: growing poverty, worsening living conditions and the destruction of moral values and the educational potential of families.

As a result of the increased mortality of men at young ages, divorce and out-of-wedlock births, the number of single-parent families with fewer opportunities to support and raise children is increasing. Today, every seventh Russian child is raised in a single-parent family. The educational potential of families has weakened, their moral foundations are being destroyed, and fundamental human values are being lost. The number of children suffering from parental cruelty, psychological, physical and sexual violence is increasing. Young children who have been left without supervision or food for a long time are placed in hospitals. The number of children from families in which parents have lost the ability to feed and clothe their children, give them education and upbringing is growing. Due to drunkenness, drug addiction, immoral lifestyle, refusal to support and raise children, the state is forced to deprive parents of parental rights.

The socialization of children is often adversely affected by the media, which openly and covertly promote sexual permissiveness, pornography, violence, crime, and drug addiction. The repertoires of children's theaters and films, as well as the policy of publishing books for children, have changed. The worst examples of foreign morality and culture are often cultivated among children and youth.

Thus, the problem of street children is complex social problem. Children who find themselves on the street for one reason or another need a variety of help. This assistance is provided by social protection institutions.

Specifics of social work in social protection institutions with street children

In modern methodology, there are many approaches to defining the concept of “social work”. The following are some meanings of this multifaceted concept.

Social work is an expression accepted throughout the world, denoting the humane attitude of man to man.

Social work is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy the socially guaranteed and personal interests and needs of various groups of the population, to create conditions for restoring or improving people’s abilities for social functioning.

Social work in the broadest sense of the word is the activity of the state and the whole society to provide assistance to people in difficult situation.

Social work in the narrow sense is a type of professional activity.

The organization and activities of social services are based on the regulations of the relevant institutions.

Thus, social work is a comprehensive system of socio-economic relations designed to provide comprehensive assistance to needy categories of citizens. Depending on the technology of services provided by the institution, it performs various functions: consulting, information and others. For each category of citizens, programs are developed to overcome difficulties. Street children, as one of the groups in need of social assistance, are given Special attention.

The key tasks in solving the problems of child neglect and homelessness and preventing homelessness at present are to improve the system for preventing family troubles, social orphanhood, neglect and juvenile delinquency operating on an interdepartmental basis. Legal regulation of the activities of all subjects of this system is primarily carried out by commissions for minors and institutions for the protection of their rights. The coordination of the above activities is carried out by the guardianship and trusteeship authorities; the development and state support of various forms of family arrangement for children who have lost parental care continues; development of a network of social service institutions for families and children; a wider introduction of juvenile technologies into the activities of bodies and institutions of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency is also required.

Legal basis activities to prevent family troubles, social orphanhood, homelessness, neglect are made up of a number of legislative acts of the Russian Federation, including Family code Russian Federation, Federal Law of June 24, 1999 No. 120-FZ “On the fundamentals of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency”, Federal Law of July 24, 1998 No. 124-FZ “On the basic guarantees of the rights of the child in the Russian Federation”, Federal Law RF dated April 24, 2008 No. 48-FZ “On guardianship and trusteeship”, .

An important component of social protection of children is the timely provision of necessary social services to families and children in difficult life situations.

Currently, there are 3,362 social service institutions for families and children under the jurisdiction of the social protection authorities. According to the primary records of social protection authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2012, the number of children placed in specialized institutions for minors amounted to 140,586 people.

In each case, specialists from social service institutions for families and children work with families in a targeted manner and organize social patronage for families at risk. This allows the child to preserve his family of origin and provide him with the opportunity to receive education and a comprehensive upbringing.

In the early 90s. In Russia, social shelters and social rehabilitation centers for minors began to be created.

Work of shelters and social - rehabilitation centers aims to meet the minimum needs of children for housing and food, as well as to provide more comprehensive rehabilitation assistance, including determining the legal status and location of family members or relatives, providing housing and counseling on social and psychological issues.

Minors in difficult life situations lack internal resources to change both themselves and the situation as a whole. That is why, for their adaptation and integration, they need socially organized influence aimed at active inclusion in society that meets the needs of the child. Such socially organized influence, aimed at the successful process of social rehabilitation, adaptation, integration and socialization of neglected and homeless minors, is carried out in specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation.

The activities of specialized institutions are within the competence of social protection authorities. These are the following institutions helping families and children

· social rehabilitation centers for minors;

· social shelters for children and adolescents;

· territorial centers for social assistance to families and children;

· assistance centers for children left without parental care;

· centers for psychological, pedagogical, medical and social assistance to children and adolescents;

· specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation;

· special educational institutions for children and adolescents with deviant behavior;

· commissions on juvenile affairs;

· guardianship and trusteeship authorities;

· receivers-distributors.

The areas of activity of social work specialists in these institutions are highlighted:

· prevention of family troubles, social orphanhood;

· identification of street children and families at risk;

· deinstitutionalization, development of forms of family arrangement for children left without parental care;

· social integration of children in difficult life situations;

· protection of the rights and legitimate interests of children;

· organization of recreation and health improvement for children in difficult life situations;

· informational and scientific-methodological support for activities on state support children in difficult life situations;

· monitoring the situation of children in difficult life situations.

In his activities, a social work specialist uses the following methods:

· verbal methods: individual conversation with the child (the purpose of the conversation is to provide the street child with important information for him, to expand his ideas about society, the world around him and to learn more about himself); individual counseling aimed at making the child aware of his positive aspects, consulting the family of a street child, relatives on issues of guardianship, trusteeship, assistance in completing documentation;

· psychological methods: games with training elements aimed at developing the cognitive sphere; emotional self-control training; constructive communication skills;

· leisure methods: thematic leisure activities aimed at introducing the child to culture, religion, etc.; role-playing games aimed at restoring the child’s ability to act in interaction as an active subject of activity, organizing sanatorium treatment for street children;

· visual methods: informing with the help of booklets (“Rights and responsibilities of a teenager”, “Responsible behavior of a girl in the sexual sphere”, etc.), allowing the teacher not to force the child to talk about topics that are relevant to him, but to arouse the child’s interest and questions.

Street children as an object of social protection exist at three levels.

The objects of primary work are children and adolescents who have not been detected in antisocial behavior, but have been in a socially dangerous situation for a long time.

The main tasks carried out by social protection institutions when working with street children:

implementation of measures to protect and restore the rights and legitimate interests of minors, identifying and eliminating the causes contributing to this;

organizing control over the conditions of education and training, over the pedagogical treatment of minors in the authorities for the prevention of homelessness;

taking all possible measures to ensure that the teenager receives secondary education;

refusal of punitive measures against minor children and their families; carrying out activities based on international law.

Deep socio-pedagogical correction of the behavior of the child and his family members, as well as early rehabilitation of children with a tendency to deviation, is carried out by:

Commissions on the affairs of minors and the protection of their rights, designed to identify cases of violation of the rights of minors to education, work, rest and other rights, as well as to inform about the shortcomings in the activities of bodies and institutions that impede the prevention of child homelessness;

Guardianship and trusteeship authorities that identify minors left without parental care or in an environment that poses a threat to their health and development;

Health authorities responsible for examination, observation, treatment of neglected and street children who use alcohol, narcotic drugs, intoxicants or psychotropic substances.

The object of secondary prevention is street children and adolescents of various ages, from preschool to adolescence. They have not yet become involved in criminal activities, the suppression of which should be dealt with by law enforcement agencies, but, nevertheless, their social development is unfavorable and is characterized by various behavioral problems of an asocial nature: addiction to alcohol, drugs, aggressiveness, selfish misconduct, shirking from school and work. , a tendency to wander.

Work regarding such children is aimed at developing forms of social and government influence in order to correct the behavior and social adaptation of children who are at social risk.

Work with child homelessness at the third level is carried out by correctional and educational institutions, as well as specialized social rehabilitation institutions, which play a decisive role in crime prevention. These institutions take emergency measures aimed at providing assistance, rehabilitation, behavior correction, and protecting the rights and legitimate interests of minors who find themselves in a critical situation. These may be street children who have been outside the supervision of adults for a long time: those who left their families or educational institutions without permission, who have suffered various forms of violence and cruelty, who commit illegal acts and are prosecuted by law.

Subjects involved in solving problems of homelessness at the third level implement their activities in the system of stationary and semi-stationary institutions.

Work to solve the problems of child neglect and homelessness is impossible without stopping the original sources of vagrancy for the majority of children in dysfunctional families. The main goal of activities aimed at optimizing the social situation of street children is to improve and optimize social relationships in the child’s immediate environment, family, school, and peer group. In this regard, territorial centers for assistance to families and children operate on the territory of the Russian Federation.

These centers carry out control measures and social support in the process of rehabilitation of a teenager who has experience of vagrancy, criminal activity, and use of psychotropic substances. The activities of the center’s specialists are aimed at maintaining the educational functions of the family in relation to a minor and preventing negative consequences child troubles.

The main task of the center is individual, specific work with a minor while maintaining his interpersonal connections, as well as work with the family before, during and after the minor’s rehabilitation course in specialized institutions.

Social patronage is the form of the closest interaction with the family. This method of work has the goal of creating optimal conditions in the family for the comprehensive development of the child’s personality, and also implies establishing contacts with maladjusted children and motivating them to engage in socially acceptable activities.

Thus, depending on what categories of children specialists have to work with, social protection institutions identify the following main tasks: preventive work to prevent neglect and homelessness among minors; provision of free social services to minors in a socially dangerous situation; identifying the sources and causes of social maladaptation of minors; development and support individual programs social rehabilitation of children and adolescents; ensuring temporary residence of street children in normal living conditions; provision of psychological, correctional and other assistance; participation together with interested departments in deciding the future fate of minors and their placement.

The work of social protection institutions with street children in Russia is a set of socio-economic measures designed to reduce the number of children in difficult life situations to a minimum, so, according to State program Russian Federation " Social support citizens" dated December 27, 2012, it is planned to eliminate homelessness by 2015. Social work specialists perform various functions in these institutions, creating an individual route for each child and creating conditions for the successful socialization of each child in society.

Conclusion

Among the problems characterizing the dysfunction of Russian society, one of the most acute is child neglect and homelessness. The main reasons contributing to the growth of child neglect are the socio-economic disadvantage of society, changes in the usual way of life and moral and value orientations of the population, and the weakening of the educational capabilities of the family and school.

The growing number of street children from year to year is a consequence of social and economic upheavals in society. The problem of neglect and homelessness is closely related to such negative phenomena widespread among minors as delinquency, alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution.

In this course work we explored the concept of “street children”. This category is characterized not only by the absence or insufficient control over the behavior and activities of children and adolescents, but also by the lack of internal communication between children and parents or persons replacing them, due attention from the school, various regulatory bodies, and other social institutions.

In modern Russian society, street children are one of the most vulnerable categories of citizens, with whom social protection institutions work.

We studied the causes of child homelessness. The emergence and growth of homelessness is facilitated by economic crises, unemployment, need and child exploitation, as well as conflict situations in families, immoral behavior of parents, abuse of children, wars, revolutions, famine, natural disasters, epidemics and upheavals, leading to orphanhood of children.

In the course work, we examined the specifics of social work in social protection institutions with street children. The work of social protection institutions with street children in Russia is a set of socio-economic measures designed to reduce the number of children in difficult life situations to a minimum. Currently, a system of correctional and rehabilitation work with minors in difficult life situations has been developed.

Thus, the leading place in working with street children is occupied by social protection institutions. In this course work, we studied the areas of activity of social work specialists. These are areas such as helping families at risk, identifying street children, maintaining interpersonal connections with relatives, creating conditions for the successful socialization of a child in society, and reducing cases of illegal and deviant behavior.

Bibliography

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Divitsyna N.F. Social work with disadvantaged children and adolescents / N.F. Divitsyna. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2005. - 365 p.

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Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated April 24, 2008 No. 48-FZ “On guardianship and trusteeship.” - M.: Norma, 2008

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