Gulya Konshina
« Peoples of Crimea - Crimean Tatars »
(Event scenario for the team and children of preschool educational institutions, held in two stage: for teachers and technical staff. Children of the group visit an exhibition where teachers talk about culture and customs Crimean- Tatar people , introduce works of art)
Target: acquaintance between preschool employees and older and older children preparatory groups with culture, customs and traditions peoples living in Crimea. Implementation of the objectives of the regional program for intercultural education of preschool children « Crimean wreath» .
Leading: “I really want peace and friendship to rule the country,
So that there is no war on the planet and peace comes,
So that the borders all disappear without a trace,
So that there will always be trust and brotherhood on earth."
Wherever and whenever you and I are, we are always surrounded by people of different nationalities. Historically, it happened that Crimea - Homeland of different nations speaking 175 different languages (latest census 2015, professing different religions, differing in the originality of cultures and mentalities. But this is interesting!
“We are all different, so what?
We are all Humans, we are all alike!”
Leading: I want to tell you one parable:
“A white man and a black man once met. White said: “How ugly you are! It’s like it’s all smeared with soot!”. Black frowned contemptuously and said: “And how ugly you are, white! It’s like you’ve been completely wrapped in white paper!”. They argued and argued, but could not come to an agreement. And they decided to go to the sage. After listening to them, the sage said white: “Look how handsome your black brother is! He is black as the southern night, and in it, like the stars, his eyes shine...” The sage then turned to black: “And you, friend, look how handsome your white brother is! He is beautiful, like the sparkling white snow that lies on the tops of the mountains, and his hair is the color of the sun...” The black man and the white man were ashamed of their dispute and made peace. And the sage thought about the future. And he imagined such a picture... White, black, yellow people twirling in a cheerful round dance, dancing and singing songs. They look at each other with love. And blocks out the sounds of music and songs of someone young voice: “It’s good that we are all different. Otherwise life would be so boring!”.
For centuries, mutual understanding and mutual assistance between people of different cultures have been the basis of the historical development of the nation. After all, the world considers a civilized person to be a person who knows and respects not only his own culture people, but also the culture of others peoples. We are all different, but we are all together, one big family who tries to live in peace, friendship and harmony. As the poet Y. accurately noted this. Entin:
“We have special people.
They are an example for many countries.
Here they pay homage to Christ and Buddha,
The Torah and the Koran are friends here..."
"Future Crimea– in preserving the great cultural heritage of all peoples».
Today we want to tell you about ourselves Crimean Tatars, there are 11 of us in the team, which is 16%; there are 34 children in the kindergarten, which is 9% of the total number of our children. Let's touch a little on issues of history, our rituals, traditions and customs.
(To the anthem Crimean Tatar people includes children and adults)
Leading: Crimea-this is my homeland - Kyrym menim Vetanim
Teacher 1. Crimea– This is the homeland of my ancestors. My mom and dad were born here. - Kyrym menim babalarymin Vetana. Menym babam ve anam doguldlar Kyrymda.
Children on Crimean Tatar language:
My name is Mavile...Menim adym Mavile, Selim, Safiye, Vildan....
Teacher's assistant 1. Crimea– this is the miracle of the garden-Kyrym-guzel melon.
Teacher2. Crimea is the Black Sea, these are the heavenly places of Kyrym-Kara deniz dzhennetim.
Teacher 3. Crimea– these are the steep heights of the southern mountains - Kyrymnin daglari kokke baka.
Teacher 4. Crimea– this is the steppe and protected places - Kyrymnin cholleri ve saklangar erleri.
Teacher 5. Crimea is a fairy tale, looking into the eyes” -Kyrym – masall kibi gozlerime baka.
Pom. teacher 2. Has a special aura Crimea- Kyrymin dzhany bek guzel
Many languages are spoken here. Adamlar chok tilde lafeteler.
Child. Ilkhan:
"If I live in Crimea, must give food to the mind, Speak Russian fluently, Tatar slightly guttural, Ukrainian melodious speech...Can I do it? I can probably do it. "Evpatoria, Crimea, language"- I’m so used to talking. "Evpatoria, Krim and Mova"“I’m ready to repeat again.” "Gezlev, til, Kyrym",Support my impulse: I’m learning chains of words - I’m ready to become a polyglot.”
Teacher 6. As long as my heart beats, I will be proud of the place where my children were destined to be born. Menim yuregim goururlanam, menim ballarim Kyrymda doguldlar.
Teacher 7. I was born in Ufa, but today Crimea is mine native home , where we all live together.
Child. Bian:
“There are a lot of words in the world, like snowflakes in winter. But let’s take, for example, these: Word - "Men"- "I" and the word "Biz"- "We" "I" it's lonely in the world, "I" not much use. It is difficult for one or the other to cope with adversity. Word "We" stronger than "I", We are Family - "Qoranta" and we are friends "Dostlar", We - people"Millet", and we are united, together we are invincible"
Leading: “On the palms of the gentle sea
A small country is basking,
The mountains protect her sleep,
The wave sings a lullaby... - this is our beautiful Crimea.
Leading:. parable about Crimea
“One old man was asked:
What does it look like Crimea?
“A bunch of grapes,” the elder answered without hesitation.
Why? – people were surprised.
Because a bunch of grapes consists of many juicy, tasty, beautiful and vitamin-rich berries, and Crimea is rich in many beautiful places - the sea, forests, mountains, and steppes, rich in flora and fauna. If we compare the contour Crimea with a bunch of grapes, you can immediately see how similar they are in shape. And, of course, people. Crimea belongs to those places where people of many nationalities live, with their own traditions and holidays. These are Russians Crimean Tatars, Ukrainians, Jews and many others. All these people live alone friendly family, just like berries on a bunch of grapes. That's why Crimea looks like a bunch of grapes."
Crimean Tatar dance performed by children "Haitarma"
Leading: Everyone has it people have their own symbols: Flag, coat of arms, anthem. We entered the music room to the anthem.
photo on screen
“Our flag is like the blue sky and the blue of the sea takes its beauty”
Flag Crimean Tatars, which is a blue cloth with a yellow tamga emblem Blue color- traditional Turkic color peoples, symbolizes clear skies and blue seas, freedom. For the first time the flag was adopted by the Kurultai (national convention) Crimean Tatars in 1917, after the February Revolution in Russia.
Tamga – coat of arms, seal
Tarak-tamga (Crimean Tat. taraq tama)- ancestral sign of the ruler Crimean khanate of the Gerai dynasty, used today Crimean Tatars as a national symbol.
The founder was the first to use this symbol Krymsky Khanate of Haji I Giray. In Khan's Crimea Tarak-tamga was a symbol of the ruling dynasty and khan's power. The image of the tarak-tamga was minted on coins, it was depicted on the facades of public buildings (frescoes and reliefs in the Bakhchisarai Khan's palace have been preserved to this day)
The name tarak-tamga literally means Crimean Tatar"comb-tamga" (Crimean Tat. taraq - comb, comb; tama - tamga, brand). There are different interpretations of this symbol (comb, balance scales and stylized image of an eagle) yellow (tamga drawn in exactly this color) is the color of gold, which symbolizes physical and spiritual purity. If these colors merge, they give green - the color of life and dedication, immortality and truth.
Historical reference
Crimean Tatars kyrymtatarlar, Turkic people, historically formed in Crimea and Northern Black Sea region; Crimean Tatars belong to the indigenous population Crimean peninsula.
Crimean Tatars formed as a people in Crimea in the XIII-XVII centuries
They speak Crimean Tatar language, which is part of the Turkic group of the Altaic family of languages.
Overwhelming majority Crimean Tatars- Sunni Muslims, Each of the three sub-ethnic groups Crimean Tatars(Tats, Nogais and South Coast residents) has its own dialect. Yuzhnoberezhny (southern, Yalyboy) The dialect belongs to the Oghuz languages and is very close to Turkish. It differs from literary Turkish less than some Turkish dialects proper. A feature of this dialect is also a significant number of Greek and a number of Italian borrowings.
Stepnoy (northern, Nogai) The dialect spoken by the Nogai belongs to the Kipchak languages and is related to the Karachay-Balkar, Nogai and Kumyk languages. They speak the steppe dialect Crimean Tatars of Romania and Bulgaria, as well as the vast majority Crimean Tatars of Turkey.
The most common, middle dialect (mountain, Tat, spoken by people from mountainous and foothill areas Crimea, is intermediate between the two above. It contains both Kypchak and Oghuz features. Modern literary literature is based on this dialect. Crimean- Tatar language . Despite significant Oghuzization, the middle dialect is a direct continuation of the Polovtsian language, which was spoken in Crimea in the 14th century.
Leading: Now each of us will show and tell our pedigree
(Exit with pictures of the family tree and the story of each participant)
(On the board there are old photos and birth certificates of our ancestors)
Leading: Telling the story Crimean Tatar people, one cannot help but recall the years of the Great Patriotic War. (video footage on screen)
More than 35 thousand served in the ranks of the Red Army from 1941 to 1945 Crimean Tatars from Crimea, and in total 60 thousand fought Crimean Tatars. From Crimean Tatars there were more than one and a half thousand officers of the Soviet army, 97 of whom were women. 36.6% of those who fought Crimean Tatars died on the battlefield. Most of (about 80%) provided active support to the civilian population Crimean partisan detachments. For this, the occupiers and collaborators destroyed 127 Crimean Tatar villages.
For participation in the Great Patriotic War five Crimean Tatars were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and Amet Khan Sultan (our music director Aliya Useinovna’s grandmother studied with him) was awarded this title twice.
Two are full holders of the Order of Glory
For participation in guerrilla warfare 12 Crimean Tatars were nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Not everything in our history is so simple.
Deportation Crimean Tatars.
Accusation of collaboration Crimean Tatars, as well as others peoples, with the occupiers became the reason for the eviction of these peoples and all non-USSR citizens from Crimea in accordance with the Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. GOKO-5859 dated May 11, 1944. On May 18 - 20, 1944, a deportation operation took place Crimean Tatars, in June - all the rest.
After the deportation, 127 villages were deserted, 300 by half.
We are very glad that justice has triumphed, and today Crimean Tatar people restored to his rights and lives in his homeland.
6 main holidays in the calendar Crimean Tatars
(book materials "Calendar rituals Crimean Tatars» R. I. Kurtiev, Simferopol, Krymuchpedgiz,2006)
Rare Muslim people boasts such an abundance of national and religious holidays. U Crimean Tatars 6 dates a year are especially revered.
Yil Gejesi (that is New Year)
(stories from teachers with video footage shown)
Celebrate it Crimean Muslims December 22, the winter solstice. It symbolizes the arrival of winter. This family celebration, which does not have complex rituals. Southerners call it Kantar Day (i.e. Libra Day).
Families make dishes for Yil Gejesi special: white halva and pies with rice and meat, in the center of which an egg is placed. And before the evening family dinner, each family member tries to discreetly smear the face of relatives with soot from under the cauldron.
After the meal, when darkness falls, the boys put on their outerwear inside out and in a crowd they go to the nearest houses "carol", House owners give children sweets and nuts.
This is the day of all farmers, which is celebrated on March 20 or 21. It announces the beginning of spring and the first day of the year, according to already eastern calendar, symbolizes the beginning of a new agricultural season.
This holiday consists of several stages:
1. Conducted old year. The housewives are tidying up the house, the men are preparing to plow the land, the boys are preparing their goat costume. (wear fur coats turned inside out, sew a tail to the back) and make a mask. Housewives bake meat pies and cookies shaped like a twisted horn.
In the evening, large fires are lit near the houses and boys jump over them. And when it gets dark, they put on their goat masks, the girls take bouquets of snowdrops - the children go to their acquaintances and friends to congratulate everyone on this holiday, the owners give sweets to the little guests. Singing a song about a goat, the children jokingly try to get into the house and steal the birthday cake, and the hostess also jokingly drives them away.
2. Welcome the new agricultural year. At the end of morning prayers, elderly Muslims visit cemeteries and clean the graves of their deceased loved ones. During the day, children go to the houses of friends and relatives, congratulate them on the New Year and sing songs.
On the same day, the men, going out into the fields, give the respected elder the right to lay the first furrow of the year, thus beginning plowing.
Hydyrlez
This holiday is celebrated in the first week of May, when the first ear of grain appears on the field. Holiday of economy and social activities. Muslims tidy up their utility rooms, fumigate the barn with smoke, pour grain on the window sills, and spray the entrance to the barn with milk. Residents gather together in a clearing where there is a hillock. It is considered necessary to wear green clothes or at least have something green on yourself. Then they roll the bread down the mountain. If it fell upside down, the harvest this year will be good, but if not, the year will not be productive.
Celebrated during the autumn solstice, September 22. The celebration necessarily takes place near a sacred place with the sacrifice of an animal (V Crimea is a ram) .
Before the celebration dear Old man must throw a stone tied to his belt at the side, speaking at this: “So that everything bad this year goes away like this stone”.
At the celebration, singers, dancers, poets perform, sing ditties, and compete in national wrestling. After this holiday, cattle are returned from summer pastures.
Eid al-Fitr
One of the 5 obligatory conditions observed by Muslims is fasting. It begins in the month of Ramadan and lasts from the first day of the new moon for the next 30 days. For Muslims at this time there are a number of restrictions: It is forbidden to eat, drink liquids, smoke, use foul language. Eating is allowed only in the dark. "Ramadan" (Ramadan) translated as "burn", that is, Muslims believe that during this fast you can cleanse yourself of all your sins and burn them. The doors of heaven open at this time, and the doors of hell are closed for those who fast. In addition to fasting, Muslims must also perform good deeds during this period. affairs: invite those who are fasting to your home for the ritual of breaking the fast and feed them dinner, feed the hungry, help the suffering, etc. The Eid al-Fitr holiday begins at the end of fasting. After the holiday prayer Crimean Tatars They distribute alms to the suffering, the poor, orphans, the homeless, and lonely old people. On this day, everyone who was in a quarrel asks for forgiveness from each other and makes peace.
Eid al-Fitr holiday
Celebrated on the 10th day in the month of Zulhija. The celebration lasts 3 days. One of the main Muslim holidays. On this day, a devout Muslim slaughters or asks another Muslim to slaughter a sheep. The meat of the sacrificial animal is then divided into parts - 2/3 is distributed to the poor, lonely old people and orphans, and 1/3 is left for their family and all guests are treated to soup from this meat. Thus, Muslims atone for all their sins and ask Allah for blessings for their deeds. Getting ready for sacrifice Crimean Tatars in a few days - they put their house, barn, yard, and themselves in order. The ritual of sacrifice usually takes place after the morning holiday prayer on the day of Kurban Bayram. Then Muslims exchange congratulations and visit the graves of deceased relatives.
Crimean Tatar wedding
A wedding is a serious and responsible step for everyone, without exception. Many traditions Crimean Tatars are still an integral part of the wedding ceremony.
Wedding action Crimean Tatar people consists of several main periods: pre-wedding stage, the wedding itself and post-wedding activities.
Traditional pre-wedding period.
This concept means the presence of such solemn events like:
MEETING AND CHOOSING THE BRIDE.
Previously, young people could meet at weddings and other holidays. There, young men looked closely at the girls, choosing a bride for themselves. Choice young man was based not only on personal sympathy, the reputation of the girl and her family, as well as hard work, kindness, and intelligence were also taken into account. After the young man tells one of his relatives the name of the girl he likes, inquiries are made about the family and the character of the bride. If the young people like each other, then events flow into matchmaking.
SÖZ KESIM – MATCHLOCKING.
To do this, the groom sends kudalar - matchmakers - to visit his chosen one. As a rule, matchmakers are respected people. These could be the young man's relatives who are sent to the girl's house to find out more about her and exchange gifts with the bride's relatives. If a girl likes a young man, she gives him an embroidered white scarf through intermediaries. Kudalar, in turn, after her consent, is given to the girl Jewelry, perfumes and others cosmetical tools, as well as many sweets. All this is necessarily beautifully packaged and decorated with ribbons and bows. The groom's relatives are also not allowed to leave without gifts for the young man. They will have to give the young man several shirts, handkerchiefs, which are decorated with embroidery made by the hands of the bride, and several trays with sweets and pastries, which are also beautifully wrapped in festive packaging. After this, the matchmakers leave, having previously discussed the engagement date.
AGYR NISHAN - ENGAGEMENT.
According to tradition, agyr nishan should take place 2-3 weeks after matchmaking. It also takes place at the bride's house. The Kudalar, who now number about 15 people, bring the girl a bokhcha - a bundle that is full of gifts, both for the chosen one and for all her relatives. And in return they are given gifts in return. All details and the date of the upcoming wedding are discussed between the parties.
FAREWELL EVENING, WHICH IS HELD IN THE BRIDE'S HOUSE.
The girl shows the guests, among whom are the young man’s relatives, her dowry, which has been prepared since birth.
HENNA GEDZHESI – EVENING OF HENNA COLORS OF THE BRIDE'S HANDS.
The bride's family set the table and performed the ritual of staining the betrothed's hands with henna. It is believed that the more painted the bride’s hands are, the richer the bride will be living together young. All this takes place with songs and dances.
TRASH GEDGESI.
And in the groom’s house on the eve of the wedding, an ancient ritual takes place, according to which a specially invited hairdresser ceremoniously shave off the young man’s beard. Shaving the beard is considered a symbol of saying goodbye to bachelorhood and acquiring the status of a married man.
Toi - wedding ceremony.
NIKAH – MUSLIM MARRIAGE RITE
After all the preparatory steps, nikah is carried out - a Muslim wedding ceremony. Usually nikkah is held in the bride's house, where the mullah - the religious representative of Muslims - in the presence of close relatives and witnesses asks the bride and groom if they agree to the marriage. It is important that the mullah asks this question to the bride three times. The first two times the girl should be silent, and the third time she should agree. After the ritual, the newlyweds go out to the guests.
In ancient times, weddings were held in courtyards or right on the street. A tent was created, tables and chairs were assembled from boards, covered with carpets and tablecloths. The tables were laden with all kinds of national dishes. Traditionally, the wedding of our great-grandparents lasted seven days. The current ones Crimean Tatar weddings have been reduced to two days. The first day is celebrated on the bride's side, and the second on the side of her future husband. Scenarios celebration of two wedding days similar to each other. Current wedding Events are held in restaurants.
OPENING OF THE WEDDING CELEBRATION
As on the first and second days of the celebration, the newlyweds appear in the room where the guests have already gathered and the tables are set. Relatives always dance in front of the couple, accompanying them to the music at the table. Toi saibi - toastmaster - opens the wedding with a solemn speech. After this, cooks in aprons are invited to perform a dance, holding ladles in their hands. After them, the ayakchilar dance - the people who serve the guests during the celebration. And only then will the opening of the wedding take place, which is the responsibility of the newlyweds’ closest relatives. If the wedding takes place on the bride’s side, the opening falls on the shoulders of her relatives, and if on the groom’s side, then the relatives of the young men go to the site. Guests come out to the dancing relatives in pairs, ordering any composition from the musicians, and hand them money. Each hand should have a banknote of any name. Previously, all the money collected in this way was given to the musicians in gratitude for the abundance of melodies performed. Now musicians name a fixed price for their services, and the money "earned" relatives are given to a young family.
COMPLETION OF THE FIRST DAY OF THE WEDDING
At the conclusion of the solemn Events performed by all guests Crimean Tatar folk dance"Q'oran" ("Round Dance"). Newly minted married couple stands in the center, forming a round dance around itself from dancing guests. After this, the young ones leave, also accompanied by folk compositions. It is customary that after the first day the bride stays overnight in her parents' house, and after the second she remains forever in new family. The wedding events do not end there; there is still a series of post-wedding events ahead. events.
Post-wedding period.
Kelin kavesi – coffee from the bride. The next morning, the bride should treat her new relatives to morning coffee. Everyone comes to look at the young woman. During this morning ritual, the girl, as a sign of respect for her husband's relatives, kisses their hands. Two days after the wedding itself, the bridesmaids come to visit the young woman, presenting her with gifts from her mother.
Then, after some time, Chagyrtuv is held. First, the girl’s parents come to the groom’s house, and then they wait for the newlyweds and the boy’s parents to visit.
Today Crimean Tatar The wedding ceremony differs in many ways from an ancient wedding, but still many customs during wedding events have survived to this day. Sez kesim, agyr nishan, nikah, kelin kavesi and chagyrtuv remained obligatory, but holding henna gedjesi and trash gedjesi is already quite a rare occurrence at weddings Crimean Tatars.
All special events are accompanied by noisy fun and dancing to the national music. Crimean Tatar music. Each melody carries a certain meaning. In general, the current wedding Crimean Tatars remained as bright and colorful as in ancient times.
Teacher 1:
“Today, when there are so many nations in the world,
And now we stand shoulder to shoulder with each other,
You can't play with lives like in a shooting gallery,
Without noticing the blizzard in someone’s heart.
We are different, of course, all on the outside,
But the same blood flows in our veins,
And in the coldest frosts again,
Skin color won’t count.”
Teacher 2:
“We all have the same feelings,
And the heart beats the same
The soul should still not be empty,
When to ask for help other people are screaming.
Yes, we have different traditions and faith,
But this is the main thing for us.
A sphere of happiness must be created in the world.
So that a smile appears on your face"
Teacher 3:
“We call on everyone to Unite, Become one family.
And in life the main answers for everyone,
Let’s find it, ending the moral war!”
Leading:
"It's great when people
And together they go on strike,
And he’s a fan of football,
And he gets sick with the flu,
And celebrates together people
Favorite holiday New Year,
It's great when people
Lives as a family,
Never through doors like this
Evil and trouble will not knock!”
Leading: We invite everyone to Crimean Tatar dance KURAN.
Now we invite everyone to taste aromatic coffee and Crimean Tatar national dishes prepared by our staff Crimean Tatar nationality.
Visiting a product exhibition popularly- applied creativity Crimean Tatar people.
https://youtu.be/avJ-vc9hnEI
Since ancient times, Crimea was a multi-ethnic territory. Since the late 18th and early 19th centuries, due to a number of historical events, representatives of various peoples of the Northern Black Sea region began to arrive on the peninsula, who contributed to the development of economic and cultural life. Each ethnic group brought its own uniqueness to the life of Crimea. The history of Crimea shows that the multinational population of Crimea is characterized by the presence of friendly ethnic communities of different nationalities, the unity of economic, social and cultural interests. A person of any nationality is proud of his ethnic origin. Language, beliefs, clothing, holidays, songs, cuisine help him maintain a special connection with the past of his people. Preservation and development of spiritual, cultural and folk traditions associated with the disclosure of the optimal capabilities of the people. Traditions and customs of nationalities are developing, they are diverse and interesting. The church introduced some features without changing the essence. Many customs and rituals of the calendar cycle became part of the traditions of the people and became elements of their life.
This calendar presents some ethnic groups living in Crimea. Their peaceful, harmonious coexistence is possible thanks to an amazing means called dialogue or polylogue of cultures. Many customs and rituals of the calendar cycle became part of the traditions of peoples and became elements of their way of life. Our ancestors knew how one holiday differs from another, they knew how to celebrate them, how to decorate and accompany them. Visits to religious institutions played an important role in the celebration. Numerous rituals also existed outside of religion. A person who is not interested in the history of his people will never understand or be imbued with respect for the history of another people.
Used literature and sources:
In the Crimean ass [Text]: Virmeni. Bulgarians. Greeks. Germans. Ukrainians / ed. T.A. Salista-Grigoryan. - Simferopol: DIAPI, 2007. - 208 p. : ill. - In Bulgaria. — verm. - Greek — nim. - grew up - Ukrainian m.
Crimea inflorescence of national cultures [Text]: traditions, customs, holidays, rituals / comp. M.V. Malysheva. - Simferopol: Business-Inform, 2003 - . Book 1. - 2003. - 392 p.
Peoples of Crimea [Text]: exhibition from the collection of the Russian Ethnographic Museum / Ministry of Culture Russian Federation, Crimean ethnographical museum. - St. Petersburg: Slavia, 2014. - 36 p. : ill., maps.
Vol. first: Peoples of Crimea. - 1995. - 82 p.
Through the centuries [Text]: in 2 volumes. - Simferopol: Crimean Academy of Humanities, 1995 - 1996.
Vol. second: Peoples of Crimea. - 1996. - 88 p.
Polyakov, V. Crimea. The fate of nations and people [Text]: monograph / V. Polyakov. — Simferopol: [b. i.], 1998. - 272 p.
http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-966-174-174-3/978-966-174-174-3.pdf
http://ethnocrimea.ru/ru/mosaic.html (Date of access: 03/27/2018)
Noskova, I. Crimean Bulgarians: historical and ethnographic essay [Text] / Inna Noskova; [rec.: A. A. Nepomnyashchy, G. N. Kondratyuk]. — Simferopol: State Autonomous Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Media Center named after. I. Gasprinsky", 2016. - 312 p. : ill.
Please wait... NavrezAn ancient holiday of farmers. Celebrated as the beginning of a new economic year and spring.
Navrez is an Iranian word: nav - new and rez (ruz) - day. The holiday is held on March 21, the day the Sun enters the constellation Aries (Sheep), in Crimean Tatar - K'ozu, when day is equal to night. The custom of celebrating Navrez among the Crimean Tatars arose no later than the 12th-13th centuries, along with the adoption of Islam.
The main stages of the Navrez celebration:
Farewell to the old business year
A week before the holiday, the housewife begins to prepare for it: she whitewashes, cleans the utility rooms, and sets aside old, unusable things for burning. Men are preparing for plowing, repairing agricultural equipment. The boys prepare masks and goat costumes (fur coat inside out with a tail attached to it). On the eve of the holiday, women boil eggs, but do not paint them. They bake kobete (layered meat pie) and all kinds of national cookies. On a festive evening, they make a fire, burn old things in it, and splash water on each other. At the beginning of darkness, the boys gather in groups of 3-7 people. One of them dresses up as a goat, the others put on prepared masks. In their hands they hold branches with strengthened snowdrop flowers. Boys move in groups from one yard to another and sing New Year's songs. The owners treat the children with sweets and nuts. Two days before Navrez, the girls gather in one of the houses where they make preparations for fortune-telling. New Year's Eve. To do this, they throw their rings or necklaces into a jug of water, and this jug is placed under a rose bush on the night before Navrez. The next night, on the eve of Navrez, the girls gather near this bush. The youngest of them is blindfolded, and she pulls out jewelry from a jug, jokingly predicts the fate of their mistress in the coming new year (whether she will get married this year, what her betrothed will be like, what house she will end up in)...
New Year's Eve
On the day of Navrez, after morning prayers, elderly people visit the cemetery, where they tidy up the graves, read funeral prayers in which they ask God and the spirits of the departed for a good harvest and an increase in the herd. Thus, the living seem to communicate with the souls of the departed. On the eve of the holiday, women boil eggs, prepare white halva, bake kobete, and prepare chicken noodle soup; It is considered a good omen if the noodles “run away” from the pan: this means that the year will be fruitful. On this day, girls and boys wear festive green outfits, symbolizing the awakening of nature.
First furrow
Navrez is the first month of the start of field work. The men went out into the field. The most respected elder, having read a prayer, made the first furrow and threw the first handful of seeds of the future harvest into the ground. Ethnographic materials indicate that Navrez (March 21) for the Crimean Tatars originally meant the economic new year, which ended on September 22 - after the Derviz holiday.
HydyrlezThe Khydyrlez holiday reflects the complex ethnic history Crimean Tatars. Its rituals and customs trace the origins of beliefs, social life and economic activities of the people. The holiday is celebrated on Friday of the 1st week of the month of Kuralai (May). After Hydyrlez, the social year begins. The day before, the housewives begin a thorough cleaning of the entire house, since, according to legend, Hydyrlez does not visit a dirty house. It is believed that if a pregnant woman breaks this tradition, the birth may be difficult. In the evening, housewives bake round bread (kalakai), kobete. In villages near the jami (mosque), young people are preparing to light a fire. In the evening, residents of the entire village gather at this place. After the evening namaz (prayer), the most respected resident of the village lights a fire and is the first to jump over it, followed by the rest of the men, then the young men and boys. Jumping, they say: “Difficulties for the Gentile, but prosperity for me.” Then the men leave. During this time, the flames die out, and then women and girls begin to jump over the fire.
According to legend, on the night before the holiday, children, fearing terrible dreams, smear garlic on their heads, lips and feet and read prayers for the night. In the evening, housewives scatter a handful of wheat on the windowsill, the cattle are taken out of the barn and fumigated with smoke from the “evil eye.” On the day of the holiday, after morning prayer, the housewife milks the cow and sheep and sprinkles the entrance to the barn with milk. On this day, every family tries to plant a tree (men - an apple tree, women - a pear) or flowers. Crimean Tatars try to celebrate this holiday in nature, near a spring. A swing is pre-installed in the clearing. The girls cover them with flowers and swing on them. Women sprinkle each other with greens and slide down the slide. An integral part of the holiday is the descent of pre-baked bread from a hill. If the loaf falls face up, then there will be a good harvest, but if on the contrary, then the year will be a bad harvest. Men compete in wrestling (kuresh). At this holiday, boys and girls get to know each other, brides are viewed and their choice takes place. The general fun ends with the obligatory performance of the general dance Khoran (group dance forming a circle).
From ethnographic materials it follows that the Crimean Tatar spring holidays Navrez and Hydyrlez are a set of rituals and customs that are aimed at appeasing the forces of nature in order to obtain a rich harvest and increase the number of livestock. They show elements of the culture of the farmer and pastoralist.
"The Legend of Kydyrlez"
"Kydyrlez washed his face with water, looked into the stream. - How many years have passed, he is young again. Like the earth - every year the old one falls asleep, the young one wakes up. He looked around. The sky became blue, the forest became green, every pebble in the stream was visible.
“It seems I’m not late,” thought Kydyrlez and began to climb the mountain. A flock was grazing near the mountain. Young lambs bleated and called Kydyrlez to come. - Why is it that on this day they don’t touch the horses and oxen, they don’t harness them, but they take us to a barbecue? - the sheep stopped, asking. The shepherd urged them on: “There’s no point in standing around for nothing.” A snake was crawling along the path. “Kydyrlez is apparently close,” the shepherd thought. - When Kydyrlez was young, he killed a snake from his horse with a spear. Since then, when he walks, the snake always runs away from him.
The shepherd picked up a stone to kill the snake. Kydyrlez shouted to him:
- It’s better to kill a lie in yourself than a snake on the road. The word did not touch the shepherd’s heart, and he killed the snake.
- It turned out well, Kydyrlez will be very pleased. Kydyrlez sighed and looked down
Below, in the gardens, under the trees, people were sitting, preparing a young lamb for barbecue.
- Oh, it will be delicious; when Kydyrlez comes, there is something to treat him.
“Maybe he used to walk, but now he doesn’t walk anymore,” said one.
Another laughed:
- Our Abibullah is waiting for him. He thinks that Kydyrlez will show him the gold at night; will be rich.
Abibullah sat on the cliff, silent.
- Why are you silent, Abibullah? When I became old, I used to always sing a good song.
And Abibullah sang:
- We are waiting for you, Kydyrlez, we are waiting; fly, Kydyrlez, to us today; come on light streams; play, music of the heart. Chal, chant, chant!..
Kydyrlez listened and thought:
- A man is looking for gold, and gold is his every word.
Hands stretched out to the sun. Rays splashed onto the ground. The golden moon glittered on the minaret. Abibullah sang -
- A golden day has come to the poor man - Kydyrlez will not offend people. Chal, chant, chant!.. He sang and suddenly fell silent.
Hatice does not love him, although he sometimes says that he loves him. She needs someone else, she needs someone young, she needs someone rich.
“Rich means smart,” she says. - The first husband was rich - I want the second one to be even richer. Then I’ll do everything, everything will be in my hands.
Abibullah looks ahead, does not see - what is close, what is far - he sees where others do not see. He searches with his eyes for Kydyrlez among the mountains and forests. He believes that he will come. He promises to put a wax candle, balmumu, on an old stone for him. Kydyrlez understood what Abibullah wanted and shook his head. - Those who drink and eat in the gardens are happier than this. People drank and ate in the gardens and forgot about Abibullah and Kydyrlez. They didn’t notice how night came. Abibullah lit a candle on an old stone and waits for Kydyrlez. Waits a long time.
The golden moon rose; heard a rustling in the bushes; I noticed how the branches moved and how the distant fire illuminated them.
“You wanted me,” said the voice. - Here I come. I know why I called. I was young and only loved songs, but now I’m old and want a woman. You are looking for gold for her.
“For her,” Abibullah said to himself.
- Do you hear, Abibullah, how the stream rustles, the young stream, how the grass sways, fresh grass. Only you, the old one, won’t hear tomorrow.
- You hear how your heart is beating, it wants to keep up with another, young one. He just won't have time.
- You had gold in you, it was light. You wanted it from the ground, but will you pick it up?
Abibullah listened no further; rushed into the bushes where the light came from.
- Don't be late.
He ran towards the light through the forest, tore his clothes on an elm tree, and wounded himself.
- Now it's close. I heard Kydyrlez’s voice myself. Just two steps away.
And Abibullah saw how, under one, another and a third bush, piles of gold burst into flames. He ran up to them; He took the burning pieces with his hands and hurried to hide them on his chest. He cried with joy and called out to the beautiful Hatice. It was hard to carry. My legs gave way, I didn’t remember how I got to the village. I didn’t even have the strength to knock on Hatice’s door. Fell at the threshold.
- Kydyrlez gave a lot of gold. All is yours. I brought it to you, my wonderful one.
The words went quietly and did not reach Hatice. She slept soundly, her arms wrapped around another. She doesn't need Abibullah anymore. And Abibullah died. Abibullah-oldu. Maybe it’s better that he died without holding something beautiful in his hands. If I took it, maybe it would stop being like that. Who knows. As Kydyrlez left those places, he thought:
- Abibullah the singer left the earth, it’s okay, another will come in his place. One summer will pass, another will come. That is why Kydyrlez will never die."
Tatarstan is one of the most distinctive regions of the Russian Federation. The culture of the region is of interest both within the country and in the rest of the world. There is no doubt that there are individual Tatar holidays that are unique. Like the culture of this entire people, they are of particular interest.
Traditions of the region
In Russia it is still difficult to find such an entity that would so carefully protect its national memory and pass it on from generation to generation. Tatar traditions originate in hoary antiquity, intertwined with religion, they result in that very original culture.
As examples of things unique to Tatarstan, one can name special rituals at the birth of a child (includes a whole set of sequential rituals - ebilek, avyzlandyru, babai munchasy, babai ashy), the groom's courtship of the bride (it is from here that such a ritual became known throughout the country, like bride price), wedding (this ritual took place in several stages and could last up to six months).
Faith and rituals
Tatars are long-time followers of the Islamic religion. Islam has deeply penetrated the very essence of this nation, thereby having a huge impact on its self-awareness. Islamic traditions are still alive today, so it is not surprising that Tatar national holidays of a religious nature are actively celebrated today. To denote celebrations associated with faith, there are even separate names - Gayet and Bayram. Religious holidays dedicated to fasting, sacrifices and significant dates from the life of the prophet Muhammad.
Spring holidays
Spring is a special time in the life of the Tatar people. This time of year always brings with it long-awaited warmth, which has long been regarded, regardless of religion, as the beginning of something new, the return of nature to life. Therefore, it is quite understandable that quite large Tatar celebrations are celebrated during this season. One of the most ancient such celebrations is called “Boz karau, boz bagu” and is associated with the long-awaited thaw. As you know, the first thing a thaw brings with it is the disappearance of ice from reservoirs, so such an event is usually celebrated as the first victory of spring over winter, which has been staying away for too long.
Spring New Year
Nowadays, perhaps the most important holiday of spring is Novruz Bayram - a celebration of In fact, on this day, according to the lunar Muslim calendar, the real New Year begins. In Tatarstan, this day is celebrated on a grand scale; it is customary to celebrate it with several families, and dishes of beans, peas, and rice must be present on the table. These celebrations are special for the entire people; they are celebrated noisily and joyfully, which, according to legend, will bring good luck and joy for the whole next year. In a word, this Tatar spring holiday is of a family nature, helping to strengthen family ties.
Hydyrlez
The ancient culture of many peoples is in one way or another connected with cattle breeding and agriculture. The Tatars were no exception. For a long time they held the craft of a shepherd in high esteem. The Tatar holiday Khydyrlez, celebrated in early May, is full of pastoral traditions. In ancient times, this celebration was especially revered and celebrated, as a rule, for two or three days.
As a ritual on this holiday, there must be the making of special bread - kalakaya, which is baked in hot ashes. The main festivities on the occasion of Hydyrlez take place in the evening. A traditional element for these celebrations is bonfires, over which both adults and children jump. On Khydyrlez, it is customary for the Tatars to begin spring cattle-breeding work, which once again refers to the ancient occupation of this people. It is worth saying that this celebration is also very popular among the related Gagauz people.
Sabantuy
Not a single celebration is known outside the republic as well as Sabantuy - a Tatar holiday dedicated to the beginning of agricultural work. Now this celebration is celebrated on June 23, but in ancient times the date was chosen by the elders of individual villages. Shortly before the start of the holiday, children went to the guests asking them to give them treats. The kids brought the collected food home, and there the female half of the family prepared treats from it for the morning table. Particular attention was paid to festive porridge; this ritual was called “Rook porridge”. After breakfast they started holiday events, the first of which is the collection of eggs by children. These eggs were then painted in different colors. In the houses they baked buns, pretzels, and small balls of dough - baursaks.
The main celebrations should take place in squares (in Tatar - “Maidans”). One of the most famous competitions is sash wrestling, kuresh. At the same time, running competitions take place, where all participants are divided into age groups. The competition ends with races.
Nowadays, Sabantuy is a Tatar holiday that has received the status of the main national celebration of Tatarstan. It is celebrated not only in villages, but also in the squares of large cities. Talent competitions among singers and dancers also began to be held.
Zhyen
Traditional holidays of the Tatar people most often have a rationale associated with the beginning of one or another stage in agricultural processes. Zhyen is no exception - a celebration marking the completion of work in the field and the beginning of hay cutting. In ancient times, Zhyen was celebrated after the return home of the elders of Tatar villages, who came home after kurultai (general meetings of the leadership of various Tatar communities). However, over time, the tradition of this celebration has changed. Residents of some villages were invited to others by their neighbors. The guests brought gifts with them: food, jewelry, crafts made of wood and metal, fabric products, and went to the celebration on carts painted for a special occasion. A new dinner was served for each person who arrived. The general dinner began in the full presence of all guests.
Zhyen can also be called a kind of holiday for brides and grooms. According to Tatar tradition, there are very few celebrations at which both boys and girls could freely communicate with each other. Zhyen is one of these holidays. On mass celebrations young people tried to find a soul mate, and their parents, in turn, also tried to find a worthy match for their children.
Salamat
Among traditional holidays Tatarstan, celebrated in the fall, the most notable is Salamat - a celebration dedicated to the end of the harvest. The holiday got its name from the main treat of the festive table, salamata porridge. It was made from wheat flour and cooked in milk. This dish was made by the female part of the family, while the male half invited relatives and friends to visit. Then everyone gathered at the festive table, where, in addition to porridge, there were dishes made from the products that had been collected. Everyone was given tea as a treat after meals.
Ramadan
The culture of Tatarstan, as has already become obvious, is closely intertwined with Islam. So residents of the region consider it their religious duty to fast during the ninth, holy month of the Muslim calendar, called Ramadan.
Fasting is one of the many pillars of Islam. In fact, this month is nothing more than a period for the self-purification of the believer, both physically and spiritually. Fasting (or soum) involves abstaining from eating food, liquids, drinking alcohol, smoking, and intimate contacts. The prohibition on this lasts from dawn to dusk of each day of the holy month. All of these measures should push the believer to renounce sinful intentions and evil plans.
All adult and healthy Muslims, regardless of gender, are required to observe soum. Only travelers, as well as women (due to menstruation or breastfeeding), can receive relief from fasting. To repay the indulgence, they must somehow help another fasting person. Tatar traditions honor fasting. Ramadan ends large-scale holiday called Eid al-Adha.
Eid al Adha
The next month after Ramadan is Shawwal. Its first day is the holiday of Eid al-Fitr, a celebration of the end of fasting. On this day, the believer finally awaits such a long-awaited breaking of the fast after a grueling fast. Like other religious Tatar holidays, Eid al-Fitr represents, first of all, one of the stages of self-purification for the believer and contributes to the formation of strong family ties. On this day, it is customary to gather as one large family and spend time like this from morning to evening, because according to ancient Muslim beliefs, the souls of deceased relatives also come to this meeting.
In general, the holiday is marked with a very joyful tone, everyone has hopes that Eid al-Fitr will bring them happiness and prosperity for the whole next year. On the day of breaking the fast, various entertainment events are supposed to be organized, and fairs with active trade are held in cities.
Eid al-Adha
Tatar holidays cannot be adequately described without mentioning such a celebration as Kurban Bayram. It is celebrated annually from the 10th to the 13th day of the Muslim month of Dhul-Hijjah. It is based on the end of the Hajj - the sacred Islamic pilgrimage to religious shrines. This holiday involves sacrifices for the sake of Allah. Kurban Bayram is the largest religious celebration not only in Tatarstan, but throughout the Muslim world.
This holiday goes back to the biography from the Koran of one of the prophets - Ibrahim. According to legend, one day the Almighty prepared a test for him: as proof of his love for him, Ibrahim was obliged to sacrifice his beloved son, Ismail, to heaven. Ibrahim was unshakable in his determination to fulfill this order, and therefore the Almighty, believing in the intentions of the prophet and not wanting the death of his son, allowed Ismail to be left alive and an animal to be sacrificed in his place.
Since then, Muslims, in honor of Ibrahim’s feat on Eid al-Adha, have performed the ritual of slaughtering an animal. The meaning of this ritual is to follow the example of one of the most famous religious prophets, who, in the name of love for the Almighty, was ready to make the greatest sacrifice. The meat of the animal after the offering is usually divided into three parts. One goes to the suffering, the other goes to the family of the believer, and every Muslim can keep the third for himself.
"Born by the Sun"
December 25th is a special day in terms of Tatar traditions. On this day, Nardugan is celebrated (translated from Tatar - “born of the sun”), which, like Novruz Bayram, can be considered another New Year's holiday. This is primarily a youth celebration. The main element of the holiday is traditional dances and songs. Young people, as usual, go from house to house, where, with the permission of the owners, these very festive numbers are presented to them. The dance part consists of several cycles: greetings, thanks to the hosts, fortune-telling dances, farewells. A special part of the celebrations should be a costume performance. Through dances and songs, young people tried in every possible way to appease the evil spirits - the devils. According to all sorts of beliefs, the outcome of the next agricultural cycle depended entirely on these same devils, so if you please them, they will not interfere with the harvest. To do this, they performed dances such as line dance, sheep dance, and dog dance. These rituals still exist today in some Tatar villages.
Public holidays
Tatarstan in our time is an integral subject of the Russian Federation. However, this region has long laid claim to self-government and independence. Having lost its sovereignty in 1552, it became part of the Moscow state, which later transformed into Russian Empire. In the state, these lands were simply called the Kazan province; there was no talk of any hints about renaming them to Tatarstan.
Only in 1920 was it separated into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. On August 30, 1990, an attempt was made to gain independence: on this day, the Supreme Council of the TASSR decided to declare the state sovereignty of the republic.
However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, this region decided to remain part of the Russian Federation as one of its subjects - the Republic of Tatarstan. However, since then August 30 has been celebrated in Tatarstan as the Day of the Formation of the Republic. This date is a national holiday and the main public holiday the edges. Other Tatar holidays at the state level coincide with all-Russian ones - these are Victory Day, International Women's Day, Workers' Solidarity Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day.
Unique traditions
To sum up, one can only be amazed at the diversity of Tatar culture. In fact, everything is intertwined in it: folk experience, historical memory, religious influence and modern events. It is unlikely that you will meet another such people with such a diversity of holidays. WITH last statement There is no need to argue - where else can you celebrate as many as three times? So there is only one conclusion: Tatar culture deserves to flourish and be passed on to younger generations.
In the article we will talk about the traditions of the Tatar people. Let's look at the main customs and holidays, and also get acquainted with very interesting features life of the Tatars. If you are interested in this aspect of their lives, be sure to read the suggested article.
Culture
As we know, every nation has its own specific traditions and rituals that are characteristic only of it. And very often, people who have many of these characteristics become recognizable. The roots of all traditions go back to the distant past, which in modern times comes to life thanks to national holiday.
The Tatars have two main words that mean some kind of celebration. They call their religious holidays the word “gayet”, and all folk holidays that do not relate to religious issues are called “beyrem”, which literally translates as “spring holiday” or “spring beauty”.
Religious holidays
Let's start looking at the traditions of the Tatar people with religious holidays. Here you can find many similarities with Muslim customs. So, the morning on such a day begins with prayer, in which only men take part. After this, they get together and go to the cemetery, where they offer prayers at the graves of their departed relatives.
At this time, women are at home with their children and cooking festive table. By the way, here the culture of the Tatar people has a slight intersection with Russian traditions. We are talking about close communication with neighbors, who always come to visit each other during the day, bring some gifts or simply congratulate each other.
For example, on the holiday of Kurban Bayram (day of sacrifice), people treat each other to the meat of a killed lamb. It is believed that a large number of If people can be treated to delicious food, the better the year will be for this family.
Let us remember that the religion of the Tatar people is Islam. Although, to be precise, this is Sunni Islam. But among these people there is an exception in the form of a fairly large number of baptized Tatars who were converted to Christianity.
Ramadan
Ramadan is main holiday among the Tatar people. Some also call it Ramadan. In general, this is the ninth month of the Muslim calendar, which includes strict fasting. If you delve deeper into Islamic traditions, you will find out that the Prophet Muhammad received the Divine Revelation this month through the angel Jibril. It was included in the holy book of the Koran in different interpretations. And fasting in this month is the main duty of every self-respecting Muslim who wants goodness and happiness in life.
The purpose of fasting is to strengthen the will and self-discipline of a Muslim, and also to remind him that he must strictly fulfill all the spiritual commands of Allah. Eating, drinking, engaging in entertainment or pleasure is prohibited during the entire daylight hours, that is, from sunrise to sunset. All you can do during the day is work, read, pray, engage in good deeds or good thoughts.
Eid al-Adha
Many traditions of the Tatar people are associated with this holiday. This, as already mentioned, is the festival of sacrifice. It is associated with the end of the Hajj, which is celebrated on the 10th day of the 12th month of the lunar Islamic calendar. It is believed that on this day Jabrail appeared to the prophet Ibrahim in a dream and ordered him to sacrifice his son Ismail.
The man went on a long journey, exactly where Mecca stands today. All this turned out to be a strong test of will for him, but in the end he still made the sacrifice. After Allah saw that Ibrahim’s faith came first, she ordered to sacrifice only a lamb. The meaning of the holiday is to glorify the mercy and greatness of God. He seems to be saying that the best sacrifice for every person is his faith.
The celebration begins in the morning. All Muslims go to the mosque to pray - to perform namaz. After the prayer is completed, the imam asks Allah for forgiveness of various sins and goodness for all people, after which all believers begin to recite dhikr together. By the way, this ritual has special specifics. Dhikr can be read silently or out loud, but this is necessarily accompanied by some kind of body movements.
After this, Muslims go home. Around lunchtime, a ram, bull or camel is slaughtered and a meal is prepared. Also on this day, it is customary to give alms to the poor, and especially to share various lamb dishes.
The peculiarity of the traditions is that the believer keeps one third of the meat for himself and his loved ones, gives the second third to the poor, and gives the last third, as alms, to everyone who asks.
National holidays
Now let's talk a little about folk holidays and traditions that do not intersect with faith in any way. The culture of the Tatar people is characterized by the fact that most of these holidays occur in the spring.
The fact is that at this time nature itself awakens, life changes, everything is renewed. And if the spring is good, then this means that people will have a harvest, and, consequently, a good life during the whole year.
Wedding
Customs Tatar wedding very interesting and have many similarities with Russian traditions. Much attention is paid to the bride price. Unlike the purely symbolic Russian ransom, here it is real. It's called kalym. However, all this is just an introduction, after which an excellent banquet follows with a huge number of guests and relatives on both sides.
At the beginning of the holiday, the host introduces the guests to each other, after which they together choose a toastmaster, that is, the most cheerful and witty person at the wedding. But this is a tradition that is already becoming a thing of the past. Modern Tatar young couples still prefer a professional presenter.
The main dish on the wedding table is the chuk-chak dessert. This is a very tasty crispy cake, which is generously decorated with Montpensier sweets. And the main hot dish is baked goose with pilaf. After the feast, the guests begin dancing, and the bridesmaids come up with tests for the groom, which he must pass with dignity. Only in this case will he be able to visit his bride in a separate room.
The bulk of the guests unanimously head to the bathhouse. And by this moment the son-in-law’s pancakes are already ready. The son-in-law should eat them and discreetly slip in a coin for good luck. After lunch the caressing begins. The bride sits in the center of the room and begins to sing sad songs about her fate. Relatives take turns approaching her in order to stroke her and say some words of consolation, maybe even instructions.
The groom spends 4 days in the bride's house, during which he anoints future relatives. At this time, the bride gives the young man handmade gifts. Then, after he has paid the ransom in full, the celebration continues at the husband's house. All guests and relatives are invited to give the bride a viewing party.
However, Tatar weddings can be of three types. The first one we looked at involves matchmaking. In this case, both people want to be together and do everything according to established traditions. The second type of wedding can occur if a girl leaves her home without the consent and blessing of her parents. There is a third possible case, when the girl is kidnapped not as a joke, but for real. Even in modern world This sometimes happens in remote villages.
Tea parties
The tea drinking traditions of the Tatar people are no less interesting than the famous tea drinking of the British. Tatars drink black tea. They love very rich drinks and can drink quite a lot at one time. But at the same time, the tea table is considered the soul of the family, so such rituals are very family and cozy.
Tea is a national drink that accompanies the reception of any guest. In more ancient times, it was poured from large samovars and drunk from incredibly beautiful and fragile bowls. In the modern world, tea is mostly drunk from cups. But at the same time, the samovar, cleaned to a dazzling shine, still stands in the center of the table.
They never drink tea alone; they usually serve it with jam, fresh berries, lemon, milk, oregano, sweets, etc. But most of all, Tatars love to drink salty tea with milk. They say that it has a special taste and Europeans cannot understand this.
In general, these people are great skilled at brewing tea. They claim that the future taste of the drink largely depends on this process. To make it tasty, it is very important to brew it in a porcelain teapot, which must first be rinsed with boiling water. After that, add a little tea leaves and fill it with boiling water by only a third. All this is covered with a lid and wrapped. After a few minutes, add more water.
Tea with cream or milk is considered a special treat. For this, fresh milk is used, but the main thing is that it is hot. The welding with this method is made as strong as possible. First, it is poured into a cup, and then cream or milk. And only at the end boiling water is added.
Applied art of the Tatar people
The art of the Tatar people is a complex of very different cultures. Origins ancient art their roots go back to the time of the Volga Bulgaria, during the period of the Kazan Khanate. At the same time, folk art is characterized by its unified nature, stable complexes and motifs, which allowed it to develop characteristic features.
The Tatar people are most characterized by floral, plant, zoomorphic and geometric patterns. One of the most ancient and vibrant Tatar arts is jewelry making. Master jewelers knew how to combine different techniques cutting materials and using the best combinations of colors, achieving an incredible external effect of the products.
The products of Tatar jewelers are very diverse. It was mainly produced for women. And they are the ones who can boast of the most incredible jewelry. These are special clasps and brooches for collars, sleeves, etc. Craftsmen could create fabulous jewelry thanks to their wonderful mastery of casting, inlay, engraving, etc. techniques.
A unique type of applied art is leather mosaic, which has its roots in Bulgarian times. A special feature of the Tatars is their beautiful patterned shoes, which were typical for the upper classes of society. It was made by stitching leather of different colors, making it very colorful and unusual. For this, silver or gold threads were used. Let us note that such art has not been noted in any nation.
A more classic and understandable art for Russian people is embroidery, which is characterized by a wide variety of motifs and colors. At the beginning of the 19th century, gold embroidery became very popular. But weaving, of which there were several types, also occupied an important place.
Family traditions
The family traditions of the Tatar people have ordinary values. The most important of them are children and marriage. Creating a family is not a free expression of will, but a necessity. A gorgeous bride is considered to be one who is virgin, can give birth and has a noble origin. It is enough for the groom to be rich, healthy and from a good family.
The rituals and customs of the Tatar people are unique, but they still have many similarities with Muslim ones. For example, a wife cannot leave home to visit relatives or friends without her husband’s consent. Parents cannot interfere family relationships couples. For them, this is a taboo topic (no matter what happens between husband and wife). The family is completely patriarchal.
Sabantuy
The Sabantuy holiday is an annual celebration that marks the end of spring field work. Until the end of the 19th century, it was celebrated in the spring and summer before plowing began. This day was celebrated in the same way, but still with peculiar features among different ethnic groups. The Sabantuy holiday has survived to this day and is very popular among the people. In addition, all the existing differences have disappeared, and now ethnic groups celebrate it in the summer, after the end of spring work and before the start of the mowing season.
An interesting tradition of the Tatar people is that this holiday is gradual. First, individual villages celebrate it, a week later - the entire region, then - the regional center. Sabantuy ends in big cities or in Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan. Previously, it was not tied to a specific day, but nowadays it is celebrated only on Sunday.
Unfortunately, some of the old rituals inherent in this holiday have disappeared. Traditionally, during the holiday, people collected food, children collected colored eggs. However, due to religious restrictions in Soviet times, the custom was distorted, and collecting food began to be interpreted as scavenging. Currently, Sabantuy is a national holiday. Even those groups of Tatars who had not known about it before began to celebrate it. Recently it even became a public holiday in Tatarstan.
Classes
The traditions of the Tatar people consist not only of holidays, but also of everyday work. The usual occupation of the Tatars is arable farming. They grew barley, lentils, flax, millet, hemp, etc. Many were involved in gardening along the way. Animal husbandry was stable and pasture, and had some nomadic features. For a whole year, horses could graze exclusively on pasture. Not everyone was involved in hunting. Manufacturing and handicraft production was well developed. Cloth and tanneries also operated, thanks to which trade developed.
Farewell to the dead
The Tatars also have such a ritual. It begins with the deceased being washed. Close people can also do this, the main thing is that they are of the same sex as the deceased. After this they put it on him special clothes, which is called kafenleu. This white fabric, which is sewn on the body by hand. The length is different for men and women. The first ones need 17 m of fabric, and the second ones need 12 m.
The deceased is usually buried on the same day. However, only men can attend the funeral itself. Note that the Tatars do not use a coffin, so the body is carried to the cemetery on a special stretcher. The deceased is placed in the ground according to the rules for the location of holy places - Medina and Mecca. The head points to the north and the legs to the south. The grave is dug by three men who are relatives of the deceased.
Funeral services are held on the 3rd day, after a week and 40 days. On the 3rd day only men gather. In a week, close women can remember the deceased. And only on the 40th day can everyone honor the memory of the deceased.
Music
Tatar music is very melodic. It is divided into several types:
- secular and spiritual songs, different in rhythm and intonation;
- bytes;
- melodies of poetic works;
- dance tunes;
- tunes;
- instrumental pieces.
When performing Tatar music, instruments such as gusli, kubyz, kurai and dumbyra are usually used. In modern music, classical instruments are more often used. Tatar music is characterized by monophony.